Chapter 7 & 8

Other components of Resistance

Trim, Shallow Water, Air, Appendage etc
 Effects of Trim
• Owing to changes in pressure distribution
around the hull at different speeds, rising or
sinkage of hull takes place.
• At low speeds, there will be a general sinkage
and a slight trim by bow as compared to at-
rest condition.
• As speed increases, movement of bow
reverses and at Fn of around 0.3, ship takes on
a decided trim by aft.
Trim Effects – Low Speeds
Trim Effects – High speeds
• This changes may indicate the desirability of
altering the at-rest trim by shifting the LCG.

• The results of above changes on large

displacement crafts are small, but LCG and the
resultant still water trim play an important
role in performance of high speed crafts.
• Effect of designed at-rest trim by stern

– In an average ship form, additional trim by the

stern in at-rest condition usually results in an
increase in resistance at low speeds and a
decrease at high speeds.
– Low speeds : Increased draft aft makes stern
virtually fuller, increases form and separation
resistance.
– High speeds :Reduction in wave making due to the
finer entrance in trimmed condition.
• Ballast Condition - At level Trim
– The wetted surface per unit of displacement is
much increased (applicable for merchant vessels) -
Frictional resistance increases
– Due to finer entrance at reduced draft, Residuary
resistance reduces.
– In all, the total resistance per unit of displacement
increases but due to reduced lower displacement
and total resistance, ship in ballast will make
greater speeds at same power.
• Ballast Condition - At designed Trim by stern

– In ballast condition, it is usually necessary to carry

considerable trim by stern for propeller
immersion.

– Leads to similar effects as designed at-rest trim.

– Increase in frictional resistance at low speeds,

decrease in residuary resistance at high speeds.

– Model tests are important for investigation

 Increased Resistance in Shallow Water
• Flow velocities under the hull increases in shallow water.

Increased velocities
 Pressure drop, suction, increment of wetted surface area
Increases frictional resistance

Effects:
• Upper Speed Limit so as Not to Touch Bottom
• Change in Wave Pattern
 Increased Resistance in Shallow Water

14

12

10

8
Series1
6 Series2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Increased Resistance in Shallow Water
 Shallow Water Effect on Waves - Havelock

 Wave of Translation

Critical Speed

α after critical speed

Shallow Water Effect on Waves - Havelock
Effect on Resistance due to changes in Wave Pattern

 Studied by
Havelock

∞ is for deep
water

This depth effect

has important
bearing on Ship
Trials. Can cause
misleading results.

0.866
Humps & Hollows
at Lower speeds in
shallow water
Critical Speed
 Schlichting -
1934

Covered increase
in resistance in
shallow water at
subcritical speeds

For shallow water

of unlimited lateral
extent
 Schlichting Issues
• Assumption of equal wave resistance in deep
and shallow water when the lengths of the
ship-generated waves are the same is open to
question
• The waves will be steeper and the resistance
therefore higher in shallow water, which
means that the speed deduced for point C will
be somewhat too high.
 Schlichting Issues
• This will partly offset the fact noted above
that for the same total resistance the speed
should be somewhat higher than that given by
the point C, and with all the unknown factors
in the problem, C probably gives a close
estimate of the shallow-water speed.
Landweber Work
Resistance of destroyer in shallow water
Percentage increase in resistance in shallow water
 RESISTANCE IN CONFINED WATER - 6
• Barrass has also given simpler formulas :
– In unrestricted shallow water with h/T between 1.1
and 1.4 (h = depth of water, T = draught of the
2
ship) C V
 B
100
– In a canal for which S lies between 0.1 and 0.266,
CB V 2

50
– Ships with CB > 0.7 trim forward, ships with CB <
0.7 trim aft according to Barrass.
 Wave Breaking Resistance
• When the shape of bow is very blunt, the bow
wave forms and breaks at very low speeds.

• Here instead of wave making which is not

present at such low speeds, the resistance
associated is called Wave Breaking Resistance.

• Radius of curvature, R> V2 /50 to prevent WBR