1.

Movement of the body

- contraction of skeletal muscles is responsible for the
overall movements of the body

2. Maintenance of posture
- skeletal muscles constantly maintain tone

3. Respiration
- muscles of the thorax carry out the movements
necessary for respiration

4. Production of body heat

- when skeletal muscles contract, heat is given off as a by-
product
5. Communication
- skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of
communication

6. Constriction of organs and vessels

- the contraction of smooth muscle within the walls of
internal organs and vessels causes those structures to
constrict

7. Contraction of the heart

- the contraction of cardiac muscle causes the heart to
beat, propelling blood to all parts of the body.
- 40% of body weight.
- most of the muscles are attached
to the skeletal system
- called striated muscle
Skeletal muscle has four major functional characteristics:
1. Contractility
➢ is the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force

2. Excitability
➢ is the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus

3. Extensibility
➢ means that skeletal muscles stretch

4. Elasticity
➢ is the ability of skeletal muscles to recoil to their original resting length
after they have
been stretched
1. Epimysium
- each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
called the or muscular fascia

2. Perimysium
-each whole muscle is subdivided by a loose connective tissue

3. Muscle fasciculi
- numerous visible bundles

4. Endomysium
- each fascicle is then subdivided by a loose connective tissue

5. Muscle fibers
- separate muscle cells
(a) Part of a muscle attached by a tendon to a bone. a muscle is composed of
muscle fasciculi, each surrounded by perimysium. the fasciculi are composed of
bundles of individual muscle fibers (muscle cells), each surrounded by
endomysium. the entire muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
called epimysium, or muscular fascia.

(b) enlargement of one muscle fiber containing several myofibrils.

(c) a myofibril extended out the end of the muscle fiber, showing the banding
patterns of the sarcomeres.
(d) a single sarcomere of a myofibril is composed mainly of actin myofilaments
and myosin myofilaments. the Z disks anchor the actin myofilaments, and the
myosin myofilaments are held in place by the M line.

(e) Part of an actin myofilament is enlarged.

(f ) Part of a myosin myofilament is enlarged.

Smooth muscle
- small and spindle-shaped
- one nucleus per cell
- contain less actin and myosin than do skeletal muscle cells
- myofilaments are ot organized into sarcomeres
- not striated
- under involuntary control
- contract more slowly than and do not develop an oxygen
deficit
- autorhythmicity
- the resulting periodic spontaneous contraction of
smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
- long, striated, and branching
- only one nucleus per cell.
- the actin and myosin myofilaments are organized into
sarcomeres
- autorhythmic
- under involuntary control
- exhibits limited anaerobic respiration
- are connected to one another by intercalated disks
- are specialized structures that include tight junctions and
gap junctions and that facilitate action potential conduction between
the cell
Muscles can be named based on: Muscle nomenclature is
the system of naming
 overall shape skeletal muscle organs.
 points of attachment (origin and
insertion)
 according to relative size
 The direction of fibers visible in a
muscle
 derived from the action produced
 named from the region in which
they are found
• Aging skeletal muscle undergoes several
changes that:
- reduce muscle mass
- increase the time a muscle takes to
contract
in response to nervous stimuli
- reduce stamina
- increase recovery time
1. Cramps
- painful, spastic contractions of a muscle; usually due to a
buildup of lactic acid

2. Fibromyalgia
- non-life-threatening, chronic, widespread pain in muscles with
no known cure
- also known as chronic muscle pain syndrome

3. Hypertrophy
- enlargement of a muscle due to an increased number of
myofibrils, as occurs with increased muscle use
4. Atrophy
- decrease in muscle size due to a decreased number of
myofilaments; can occur due to disuse of a muscle, as in
paralysis

5. Muscular dystrophy
- group of genetic disorders in which all types of muscle
degenerate and atrophy

6. Tendinitis
- inflammation of a tendon or its attachment point due to
overuse of the muscle
 CRAMPS HYPERTROPHY

FIBROMYALGIA

ATROPHY