TESTS

Tests are a
quantitative research
instrument used mainly
for assessing various
skills and types of
behavior as well as to
describe certain
characteristics
Two Main Types of Tests
employed in Quantitative
Studies

1.Standardized tests
Tests which are scored
uniformly across different
areas and groups. They are
used by official institutions
to assess a wide range of
groups such as students or
test-takers.
2.Non-standardized tests
Tests which are
administered to specific
sets of people. They may not
be scored uniformly across
different areas and groups.
This is more appropriate for
obtaining certain types of
responses or measuring a
specific skill.
 An achievement test is a
standardized test which
measures the extent of the
skills and the knowledge that
a person has acquired after a
considerable period of time
such as the National
Achievement Test administered
by the DepEd.
 An aptitude test assesses
one’s skills and knowledge to
predict one’s ability to
perform a certain kind of
work such as school entrance
examinations.
TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS

1.Recall questions
Require the participants
to retrieve information from
memory. There are no clues
or options that the
participants can choose from.
Examples: “fill-in-the-blank”
test, identification test,
and enumeration test.
2. Recognition questions
Provide options to choose
from.
Examples: multiple choice
and dichotomous test (true or
false, yes or no)

3.Open-ended questions
Prompt participants to
answer in greater detail.
Participants are encourage to
express their thoughts and
Guidelines in Using Tests
for Data Collection

1.Choose the test appropriate

for the variable you want
to measure.
2.Decide on the method of
administering the test.
3.Pilot your test first to
ensure that the
participants will
understand its content and
4. Contact the participants
before administering the test
in order for you to make sure
that they will be reminded of
the important points to take
note of when the test is
conducted.
5.Attach a cover letter to
the test when doing the
actual data collection.
6.In an experimental or
quasi-experimental study,
administer the pre-test
before the intervention and
the post-test immediately
after the intervention.
7.When using the pretest-and-
posttest design, make sure
that these two tests are in
parallel forms.
8.Make sure that the
participants are
comfortable during the
test.
9.Encode and archive the data
upon collecting them for
easier documentation.
 A quantitative
interview is a method of
collecting data about an
individual’s behaviors,
opinions, values,
emotions, and demographic
characteristics using
numerical data. It
involves an oral exchange
of information between
the researcher and the
Guidelines in Conducting a
Quantitative Interview

Before the Interview

1.Decide on the interview
method you will use (face-
to-face, phone, video
conferencing).
2.Choose a comfortable venue
with the least amount of
distraction.
3.Decide on the duration of
4.Prepare and master your
interview guide.
5.Test your recording
device.
6.Pilot your interview guide
and practice how you will
conduct the interview.
7.Make sure that you obtain
consent from the
participants before
conducting and recording
the interview.
During the Interview
1.Be in control of the flow
of the interview.
2.Help the participants
respond as easily and as
naturally as possible.
3.Demonstrate respect,
professionalism, and a
positive attitude toward
the participants
throughout the interview.
After the Interview
1.Check if your recording
device worked well
throughout the interview.
2.Transcribe or encode the
data as soon as you have
finished your interview.
3.Write some of your
observations regarding the
interview.
 Data may also be
acquired by making direct
observations of a
situation as it happens.
Although it is relatively
inexpensive, it is time-
consuming and prone to
bias on the part of the
researcher.
Different Forms of
Observation
1.Controlled Observation
Typically used in
experimental research where
the researcher selects the
time, place, participants,
and circumstances where the
data collection will take
place. The procedure can be
replicated and the data are
easier to analyze.
2. Natural Observation
Type of observation which
is carried out in a non-
controlled setting. The
researcher does not control
the circumstances but allows
the natural flow of events to
happen. It also responds to
other areas of inquiry not
originally intended by the
researcher.
3. Participant Observation
Allows the observer to
become a member of the group
or community that the
participants belong to. When
participant observation is
done overtly, the
participants know the
research-based motives of
your observation. When the
participant observation is
performed covertly, the
Guidelines in Conducting an
Observation

Before the Observation

1.Clarify your research
objectives as these shall
guide you in what data to
observe and what type of
observation to use.
2.Prepare an observation
checklist or form, which
shall enumerate all that
3.Decide on the type of
observation and collection
technique that you will use
(written description, video
recording, use of
photographs or artifacts).
4.Decide on the duration of
observation, the behavior
or variables that you would
like to observe, and the
time and location of the
observation.
5.Record only the data that
will address your research
questions or objectives.
6.If your observation
involves human
participants, inform them
of your study prior to your
scheduled observation.
During the Observation
1.Write the data, time, and
place where the observation
will be conducted. Take
note as well of the data to
be collected.
2.If possible, there should
be more than one person
conducting the observation.
This is to increase the
validity and reliability of
the collected data.
3. Explain the purpose of
the observation to your
participants. This is to
ensure the participants of
the transparency on your part
as the researcher.
4.Make sure that the
participants are guaranteed
as much anonymity as
possible.
5.Be accurate and objective
in recording your
6.During the observation,
make sure that the
participants are aware of
the purpose of your study.
7.Use multiple recording
schemes if possible

After the Observation

1. Compile and tabulate all
data that you have obtained
and save them to your
computer.
2.Maintain the
confidentiality of the data
that you have gathered.
3.Review your data to
determine if there was
anything you missed, so
that you can address this
gap in the data before
proceeding further with
your study
Collection of Secondary
Data

Secondary Data are

second-hand information
gathered by an
institution. It may
include time-series
data, cross-section
data, panel data, and
Data Source
Government Agencies:
PSA, BSP, NEDA, SEC,
PSE, DepEd, CHED

International Agencies:
WB, IMF, ILO, ADB, WTO,
UN
DATA ORGANIZATION
 Organization of data
refers to the process
of classifying data
collected for ease of
presentation. It may
be done by encoding in
a spreadsheet. Data
analysis and procedures
can be
 Data analysis and
procedures can be
applied using Microsoft
Excel, SPSS
(Statistical Package
for the Social
Sciences), Eviews
(Econometric Views),
and SAS (Statistical
Analysis System)