Antiderivatives and

Indefinite Integration`

Definition of Antiderivative: A function F is called an

antiderivative of the function f if for every x in the domain
of f
F’(x) = f(x) so, dy = f(x) dx
Integration is denoted by an integral sign .
y   f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C Constant of
Integration

Integrand Variable of F’(x) also = f(x)

Integration (first derivative)
 Basic Integration Formulas

 0dx  C
 kdx  kx  C
n 1
x
 dx  n  1  C
n
x

 cos xdx  sin x  C  sec x tan xdx  sec x  C

 sin xdx   cos x  C  csc xdx   cot x  C
2

 sec xdx  tan x  C

2
 csc x cot xdx   csc x  C
Integrate
3x 2
 3xdx 
2
C
2
1 x 1
 x3 dx   x dx   2  C   2 x 2  C
3

12 x3 2 2 x3 2
 xdx   x dx   C   C
32 3

 2sin xdx  2 sin xdx  2( cos x)  C  2 cos x  C

 1dx  x  C
    2  2x  C
2
x
x  2 dx

  3x  5x  x dx  5  3  2  C
5 3 2
4 2 3x 5 x x
Rewriting before integrating

x 1  x 1 
 x   x x 
dx   dx   x12
 x 1 2
dx
2 x3 2
  2 x1 2  C
3
sin x  1 sin x 
 cos 2 x dx   cos x cos x dx   sec x tan x dx
 sec x  C


Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Theorem: If g is a differentiable function on [a,b], and r is a

rational number with r  1, then

r 1
 g  x  
  g  x  g  x  dx  r  1
r '
 C.
Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Example: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals:

a. 11  3 xdx

b. 2 x  4  2 x
3

4 3
dx
c. y 2 1  ydy
d . cos x 3  sin xdx
e.  t  2  1  tdt
Example: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals:

5sec x  7 cos x2
a. dx
cos x
 1 
b.  sin 2 x  sin x  dx
 x 
2 cot x  3csc x cos x
2
c. dx
sin x
 Separable Differential Equation
Let F and G be antiderivatives of f and g, respectively. The
Equation of the form

dy F  x  dy f  x 
'

 ' or 
dx G  y  dx g  y 
is called differential equation of the first order (only derivatives
of the first order are involved). Moreover, since the given
 
differential equation can be written as g y dy  f x dx  
(its variable can be separated), we say that such differential
equation is (variable) separable.
 Now, from the equation g  y  dy  f  x  dx we have

 g  y  dy   f  x  dx
G  y   C1  F  x   C2
G  y  F  x  C

where C  C1  C2 (a constant). We call G y  F   x  C

as the complete solution of the differential equation
dy f  x 
 . If a particular value of C, say C = k, then
dx g  y 
G  y   F  x   k is called particular solution.
Example: Find the complete solution of each of the following
Differential equations:

dy 2 x 3  1
a.  2
dx y  4
dy 3
x 1
b. 
dx y  2y
dy cos 3 x
c. 
dx sin 2 y
Example:

Given y  when x   , find the particular solution of
2

dy cos 3x
 .
dx sin 2 y
 d 2 y dy '
Note: 2

dx dx

d2y 3
Example: Find the complete solution 2
 3x  1 .
dx

If y = 2 and y '  5 when x = 3, find the particular solution

of this differential equation.
Your Turn:

Quiz: Find the complete and particular solution of the

given below:

d2y 3 dy 
2
 tan x sec 2
x; y  and  1 when x  .
dx 2 dx 4
Your Turn:

Quiz: Find the complete and particular solution of the

given below:

2
d s ds
2
 sin 5t ; s   ,  1 when t   .
dt dt
Thank You!!!!