LINEAR SUMMING AND NON-

LINEAR MIXING
 LINEAR SUMMING

Linear summing occurs when two or more signals

combine in a linear device, such as a passive
network or a small signal amplifier. The signals
combine in such a way that no new frequencies are
produced, and the combined waveform is simply
the linear addition of the individual signals. In the
audio recording industry, linear summing is
sometimes called linear mixing.
 LINEAR SUMMING
Single-Input Frequency:
The output is simply the original input signal
amplified by the gain of the amplifier (A).

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = A𝑣𝑖𝑛
or
𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡
Thus,
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴𝑉𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡
 LINEAR SUMMING
Multiple-Input Frequencies:
Each input signal is amplified by the gain (A).
Therefore, the output is expressed mathematically as
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑛
Where
𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 + 𝑉𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡
Therefore,
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴(𝑉𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡 + 𝑉𝑏 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡)
Or
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴(𝑉𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑉𝑏 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡)
LINEAR SUMMING
 NON-LINEAR MIXING

Non linear mixing occurs when two or more

signals are combined in a non linear device such
as a diode or large-signal amplifier. With
nonlinear mixing, the input signals combine in a
non linear fashion and produce additional
frequency components
 NON-LINEAR MIXING
Single-Input Frequency:
The output from a nonlinear amplifier with a single-frequency input signal
is not a single sin or cosine. Mathematically, the output is in the infinite power series
NON-LINEAR MIXING
 NON-LINEAR MIXING
Non-linear amplification of a single frequency
results in the generation of multiples or harmonics
of that frequency. If the harmonics are undesired, it
is called harmonic distortion. If the harmonics are
desired, it is called frequency multiplication. A JFET
is a special-case non-linear device that has
characteristics that are approximately those of a
square-law device. The output from a square-law
device is …
 NON-LINEAR MIXING
Multiple-Input Frequencies:
the nonlinear amplification of two input
frequencies by a large-signal (nonlinear)
amplification. Mathematically, the output of a
large-signal amplifier with two input frequencies
is …
NON-LINEAR MIXING
 NON-LINEAR MIXING
The preceding formula is an infinite series, there
is no limit to the number of terms it can have. If
the binomial theorem is applied to each higher
power term, the formula can be rearranged and
written as…
NON-LINEAR MIXING
NON-LINEAR MIXING