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Introduction
Voltage and Current
Reactance of Inductors and Capacitors
Phasor Diagrams
Impedance
Complex Notation
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Introduction 15.1
1 2
T
f
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If is in radians, then a time delay t is given by /
as shown below
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Voltage and Current 15.2
v R IP R sin(t )
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Voltage and Current 15.2
di
Inductors - in an inductor vL L
dt
– therefore if i = Ipsin(t)
d(IP sin(t ))
vL L LIP cos(t )
dt
1
Capacitors - in a capacitor vC idt
C
– therefore if i = Ipsin(t)
1 Ip
vC IP sin(t ) cos(t )
C C
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Reactance of Inductors and Capacitors 15.3
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Inductance
Capacitance
Ip Ip
Peak value of ( cos(t ))
Peak value of voltage
C C
1
Peak value of current Peak value of (I p sin(t )) Ip C
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
The ratio of voltage to current is a measure of how
the component opposes the flow of electricity
In a resistor this is termed its resistance
In inductors and capacitors it is termed its reactance
Reactance is given the symbol X
Therefore
ac tan ce of an inductor, X L L
Reactance
Re
1
ac tan ce of a capacitor, XC
Reactance
Re
C
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Since reactance represents the ratio of voltage to
current it has units of ohms
The reactance of a component can be used in much
the same way as resistance:
– for an inductor
V I XL
– for a capacitor
V I XC
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Example – see Example 15.3 from course text
A sinusoidal voltage of 5 V peak and 100 Hz is applied across
an inductor of 25 mH. What will be the peak current?
At this frequency, the reactance of the inductor is given by
Therefore
VL 5
IL 318 mA peak
X L 15.7
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Phasor Diagrams 15.4
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Examples of
phasor diagrams
(a) here L represents
the magnitude and
the phase of a
sinusoidal signal
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Phasor diagrams can be used to represent the
addition of signals. This gives both the magnitude
and phase of the resultant signal
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Phasor diagrams can also be used to show the
subtraction of signals
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Phasor analysis of an RL circuit
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Phasor analysis
of parallel
circuits
in such circuits the
voltage across each
of the components is
the same and it is the
currents that are of
interest
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Impedance 15.5
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Consider the following circuit and its phasor diagram
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From the phasor diagram it is clear that that the
magnitude of the voltage across the arrangement V is
V VR 2 VL 2
(IR )2 (IX L )2
I R 2 XL2
IZ
where Z R 2 X L 2
Z is the magnitude of the impedance, so Z =|Z|
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
From the phasor diagram the phase angle of the
impedance is given by
VL IX X
tan 1 tan -1 L tan -1 L
VR IR R
This circuit contains an inductor but a similar analysis
can be done for circuits containing capacitors
In general
1 X
Z R X 2 2 and tan
R
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
A graphical representation of impedance
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Complex Notation 15.6
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Graphical representation of complex impedance
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Series and parallel
combinations of
impedances
– impedances combine
in the same way as
resistors
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Manipulating complex impedances
– complex impedances can be added, subtracted,
multiplied and divided in the same way as other
complex quantities
– they can also be expressed in a range of forms such
as the rectangular, polar and exponential forms
– if you are unfamiliar with the manipulation of complex
quantities (or would like a little revision on this topic)
see Appendix D of the course text which gives a
tutorial on this subject
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
Example – see Example 15.7 in the course text
Determine the complex
impedance of this circuit
at a frequency of 50 Hz.
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 15.‹#›
A further example
A more complex task is to
find the output voltage of this
circuit.
The analysis of this circuit,
and a numerical example
based on it, are given in
Section 15.6.4 and
Example 15.8 of the
course text
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Key Points