(Tentative)

Review of Related Literature

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 Related Literature
Traffic-load-induced
Permanent Deformation of
Road on Soft Subsoil (Chai &
Miura)
Partially-drained Cyclic
Behavior and Its Application to
the Settlement of a Low
Embankment Road on Silty-clay
(Sakai, Samang, & Miura)
Generated Result Findings Soil Sample Site Application
Settlement over period of empirical method for predicting traffic-load-induced
time considering the time of permanent deformation of a road on soft subsoil with a Soft Subsoil with a low
► construction (start and end of ► low embankment, new equation for calculating ► embankment, Ariake Clay
Construction, open to traffic, cumulatve plastic strain of soft cohesive soil under Deposit
loads) repeated loading Three different cases in
Saga, (1) JapanSaga Airport,
(2) 1.0km saga prefecture
the significance influence depth is 6m below the base of Site under Cement ►
Settlement vs. distance from road (Sohohzu-Morodomi
► ► embankment and embankment thickness the most Treatment, Cement
the centerline of the road line), and Saga Bypass
important factor controlling the settlement Treatment and soil-cement
► National Road No. 34
column, expansive cement
treatment, and cement
depth of below embankment treatment and glass grid
►
vs. vertical strain
settlement induced by traffic loading on low
► embankment roads built on soft cohesive soils deposited
in a reclaimed lowland
settlement induced by traffic loading was approximately
►
30% of the total settlement during two years
excess pore pressure & volumetricchande (partially
drained cyclic tests) increased with cyclic stress ratio and
►
effective lateral pressure, maximum value of 0.73 cyclic
stress ratio
modified partially drained
► ► Ariake Silty-Clay ► Saga Airport Access Road
cyclic loading model non linear bahavior of coefficient of volume
►
compressibility
max. values of volumetric strain increased with soil
►
drainage distance
loading time and period of cycling loading correlated with
► number of cycles per day, and are important factors
affecting the magnitude of the volumetric strain
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 Related Literature Generated Result Findings Soil Sample Site Application

A New Model For Describing
The Behaviour of Soft Soils
Under Cyclic Loading (B
Indraratna, J Ni, C
Rujikiatkamjorn, & R Zhong)
a new constitutive model for
soft clays under undrained
► cyclic triaxial loading has
been developed based on the
Modified Cam-clay theory.
this model was applied to
only two additional cyclic degradation parameters (ξ1 and
combined vertical and
ξ2) were needed together with the traditional modified Rail project in Sandgate,
► ► radial consolidation of soft ►
Cam-clay parameters, which could be determined from NSW
soils under cyclic loading at
undrained cyclic triaxial tests.
a railway site

The pore water pressure ratio (u/q) of cohesive soil is

Variation of pore water
► pressure ratio with number of ►
cycle
analytical solution for one-
One Dimensional Consolidation dimensional consolidation of
of Soft Cohesive Soils Under ► soft cohesive soil under cyclic ► reaches earlier under cyclic loading
Cyclic Loading (Paul, loading
Monideepa Sahu, & R.B. Bikas,
S.K. ) ; One Dimensional Variations Degrees of
Consolidation Under Cyclic Consolidation with Time
Loading (Monideepa Paul & ► Factor for Different Depth
Ramendu Sahu) Factors
lesser for thinner soil layer than that of thicker soil layer.
For both the cases final value of The degree of
consolidation defined by effective stress at any depth z
(Up) is lesser than The degree of consolidation defined by
settlement at any depth z (Us)
Rate of consolidation is faster and also stable condition
cohesive soils with soft,
The pore water pressure ratio of clayey soil (u/q) ► medium and stiff ► No particular site location
undergoing one dimensional consolidation under cyclic consistencies, Clayey soil
loading initially increases, after a certain number of load
►
cycles it reduces and becomes asymptotic at higher load
cycle. This is similar to the nature observed by Hyodo
(1988, 1995).
The pore water pressure ratio (u/qu) of over consolidated
soil is smaller than that of normally consolidated soil; this
►
is consistent with the smaller generated pore water
pressures (ug/qu) in the over consolidated soil.

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the settlements under monotonic loading predicted by the analytical solution for identical material conditions in terms of
cv and sample height h as well as identical loading magnitude. The cyclic settlements consist of the mean settlement sm,
which equals in its course the settlement curve under equivalent, monotonic loading. It is superposed by a cyclic
settlement fluctuation of amplitude ∆s. As known from the comparison of the pore water dissipation curves, for identical
cv the end of primary compression in the analytical solution is reached at the same time for cyclic and monotonic loading.
The final mean settlement, assuming the same sample height and stiffness at equal loading magnitude, is only half the
magnitude in cyclic compared to monotonic loading 4
predicted by the analytical solution for identical material conditions in terms of cv and sample height h, as well as
identical loading magnitude. The pore water pressure curve derived from the analytical solution under cyclic loading
consists of the transient mean pore water pressure umean, which is superposed by a cyclic pore water pressure
fluctuation of amplitude ∆u. After a finite time, a stationary state is reached, in which the mean pore water pressure
equals zero and the pore water amplitude in compression and unloading is of the same magnitude. For identical cv,
the end of primary compression (EOP) in the analytical solution for monotonic loading is reached at the same time as 5
the stationary state (SS) under cyclic loading.
the pore water pressure dissipation in terms of its three characteristics, umax, tss and ∆u, is significantly
influenced by the loading characteristics, load period d and load amplitudeb σv.

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Figure 8.2a shows the typical one-dimensional
deformation behaviour of soft, fine-grained soils
under haversine, cyclic loading and oedometric
conditions in terms of the void ratio time
relationship.
Cyclic deformation behaviour
stationary state (SS)
The mean deformation under cyclic loading exhibits the typical
s-shape of a consolidation curve. It is superposed by a cyclic
deformation of variable amplitude.
The increment of deformation accumulation is significantly
decreasing from larger values in the first cycles to smaller ones
approaching the end of primary consolidation, see Fig. 8.2b. 7
The deformation behaviour in terms of the three characteristics, ess, cv and ∆e, is significantly
influenced by the loading characteristics, load period d and load amplitude σbv (see Fig. 8.3).
Therefore, in this study both loading characteristics were varied in order to analyse their effect on the
consolidation behaviour.
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Clays exhibiting a high sensitivity do so not due to a higher
strength in the undisturbed state, but due to a very low
remoulded strength. Consequently, so-called quick clays in
their remoulded state are almost liquid, which results from
leeching of the marine clays deposited under saline conditions.

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Figure 12 shows the amount of
accumulated settlement that took
place during the loading period of
each cycle and the amount of
accumulated settlement that took
place during the unloaded period of
each cycle with the cyclic loading
tests. The amount of settlement
that took place during the unloaded
period of the cyclic loading test was
approximately 5% to 10% of the
total settlement, despite the loaded
period being only 2.5 s to 3.5 s of
the 20 s loading cycle.

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Article cannot be accessed:

Source: https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/75/2/426?show-t-%20%20f=tables&wrapper=no?access=0&view=article
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“Soil deformation due to the application
of static loads has been widely studied
(e.g.. Stone and Ekwue, 1996; Zhang et
al., 2005), while the effect of cyclic
loading has rarely been determined
(Krümmelbein et al., 2008)”
- Reszkowska, Agnieszka & Peth, Stephan & Peng,
Xinhua & Horn, Rainer. (2011)

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