Skeletal system

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

The National Center for Teacher Education
The Indigenous People’s Education Hub
North Luzon Campus
Skeletal system
•Includes bones and tissues that are important
for protecting, supporting, and moving the
body as well as their associated connective
tissues, which includes cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments.

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TOPIC OUTLINE
A. Function of the skeletal System
B. Bone structure and Formation
C. Division of the skeleton
D. The Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
E. Articulation
F. Disorder of the skeletal system

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SKELETON

• derived from Greek work meaning dried. Gives support

and protection for the body and often provides surfaces
for the attachment of muscles.

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Three basic types of skeleton in the animal kingdom

HYDROSTATIC
SKELETON- supported
by liquid in their
bodied.

ENDOSKELETON-
EXOSKELETON- hard
internal framework
external covering such
which support the
as corals, mollusks,
inside part of the
crabs and insects.
body.

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Function
of the
skeletal
system

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SUPPORT
Rigid, strong bone is well suited for
bearing weight is the major supporting of
the body. Cartilage provides firm yet
flexible support within certain structures,
such as the nose, external ear, thoracic
cage, and trachea. Ligaments are strong
bands of fibrous connective tissue that
attach to bones and hold them together

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protection
Bone is hard and protects the
organs it surrounds. For example,
the skull encloses and protects the
brain, and the vertebrae surround
the spinal cord. The rib cage
protects the heart, lungs, and other
organs in the thorax.
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movement

Tendons, strong bands of

connective tissue, attach skeletal
muscles to bones. Thus,
contraction of skeletal muscles
pulls the tendons, which moves the
bones.

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storage
Some minerals in the blood principally,
calcium and phosphorous—are stored in
bone. Should blood levels of these minerals
decrease, the minerals are released from
bone into the blood. Adipose tissue is also
stored within bone cavities. If needed, the
lipids are released into the blood and used by
other tissues as a source of energy.

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Blood-cell protection

Many bones contain cavities

filled with red bone marrow,
which produces blood cells and
platelets.

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Human Skeletal System consist of 206 bones and it is divided
into two.

Axial Skeleton- includes bones of the head, back and chest

with about 80 bones
Appendicular Skeleton- related to movement of the limbs
consist of 126 bones

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General features
of bones

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Bones
• are made up of protein and calcium, which make them strong.
Have their own nerves and blood vessels, and they do various
jobs, such as storage of body minerals.

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Flat bones- are found in ribs,
breastbone, pelvis, bones of the
skull, and shoulder bones
(scapula). They are thin in
appearance, which is ideal for
extensive muscle attachment or
protection of soft or vital organs
of the body.

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Short bones- like those in the
hands and feet, support weight
and allow many small
movements.

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Irregular bones are irregularly
shaped. Vertebrae and facial
bones are examples of irregular
bones, which have shapes that
do not fit readily into the other
categories.

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Sesamoid bones- are small and
rounded in appearance. They assist
in the proper functioning of the
muscles. These bones are enclosed
in a tendon and located adjacent to
joints. The patella or knee cap is
the largest among the sesamoid
bones.

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Long bones- are those bones
found in the legs and arms. They
are hallow, yet strong and
lightweight. These bones’ length
exceeds their width. They are
thickest toward the middle of the
bone because the strain is greatest
at this region. They are slightly
curved at the shaft area, which is
ideal for supporting weight and
movement.

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Structure of a long bone
DIAPHYSIS Central shaft
EPIPHYSIS Two ends
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Thin layer which covers the ends of the epiphyses
where the bone articulates (joins) with other bones.

EPIPHYSEAL LINE Cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

and becomes an epiphyseal line.

PERIOSTEUM Dense connective tissue in the outer surface of the

bone, which consist of two layers and contains blood
vessels and nerves.
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MEDULLARY CAVITY Cavities in the epiphyses of long bones
and in the interior of other bones.
SPONGY BONE Consist of a lacy network of bone with
many small, marrow-filled spaces.

COMPACT BONE Consist of osteons, which are

composed of osteocytes organized
into lamellae surrounding central
canals .
YELLOW MARROW Consist mostly of adipose tissue.

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COMPACT BONE
Compact bone has a predictable pattern of repeating units.
These units are called osteons. Each osteon consists of
concentric rings of lamellae surrounding a central canal, or
Harvesian canal. Osteocystes are located in lacunae between
the lamellae of each osteon. Blood vessels that run parallel to
the long axis of the bone are located in the central canals.
Osteocytes are connected to one another by cell processes in
canaliculi. The canaliculi give the osteon the appearance of
having tiny cracks within the lamellae. Nutrients leave the blood
vessels of the central canals and diffuse to the osteocytes
through the canaliculi. Waste products diffuse in the opposite
direction. The blood vessels in the central canals, in turn, are
connected to blood vessels in the periosteum and endosteum.

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SPONGY BONE
It has less bone matrix and more open space than
compact bone. Spongy bone consist of delicate
interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae,
which resemble the beams or scaffolding of a building. Like
scaffolding, the trabeculae add strength to a bone without the
added weight that would be present if the one were solid
mineralized matrix. The spaces between the trabeculae are
filled with marrow. Each trabeculae consist of several
lamellae with osteocytes between them. Usually, no blood
vessels penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no
central canals. Nutrients exit vessels in the marrow and pass
by diffusion through canaliculi to the osteocytes of the
trabeculae.

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TRABECULAE Interconnecting rods or plates of bone which resemble the beams or scaffolding of
a building

ENDOSTEUM Thinner connective tissue membrane around the surface of the medullary cavity

CANALICULI Tiny canals

OSTEOBLASTS Which function in the formation of bone, as well as in the repair and remolding of
bone
OSTEON Predictable pattern of repeating units.
OSTEOCYSTES When osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix
OSTEOCLASTS Present and contribute to bone repair and remolding by removing existing bone.

LAMELLAE Thin sheets of extracellular matrix

LACUNAE Osteocytes between the lamellae within spaces.

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Bone ossification

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OSSIFICATION- the process of laying down new material
cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue
formation
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION- bone formation that
occurs within connective tissue membranes.
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION- bone formation that
occurs inside hyaline cartilage.
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Articulation

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Joints or Articulation

Is a place where two bones come together. Many joints

are movable, although some of them allow only limited
movement; others allow no apparent movement.

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Fibrous Joints- consist of
bones united by fibrous
connective tissue. They
allow little or no movement.

Cartilaginous Joints- consist

of bones united by cartilage,
and they exhibit slight
movement.

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Synovial Joints- consist of
articular cartilage over
the uniting bones, a joint
cavity lined by a synovial
membrane and containing
synovial fluid and joint
capsule. They are highly
movable joints. Can be
classified as plane, saddle,
hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket
or ellipsoid.
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The articular surfaces of bones within synovial
joints are covered with thin layer of articular
cartilage. The articular surfaces are enclosed
within a fluid-filled joint cavity. The cavity
surrounded by a joint capsule. Synovial
membrane produces synovial fluid which
covers the surfaces of the joint. The bursa is
located between structures that rub together,
such as tendon crosses a bone. A synovial
membrane may extend as a tendon sheath
along some tendons associated with joints.
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JOINT TYPE OF MOVEMENT EXAMPLES
Ball-and-socket joint Allows all types of movement Shoulder joints and hip joints

Pivot joint Allows the turning of body part from side to Top of spine and lower arm
side or the movement of a part of your
body up and down.
Hinge joint Bending and strengthening (allows Elbows, knuckles of fingers and
movement in one plane only) toes and knees
Gliding joint Sliding motion (allows a back-and-forth Wrist and ankles
motion)
Saddle joint rotation, blending, and strengthening Base of thumbs

Ellipsoid joint Limits its range of movement nearly to that Between the metacarpal bones
of a hinge motion. and phalanges
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SKELETAL DISORDERS
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS
GIGANTISM- abnormally increased body
size due to excessive growth at the
epiphyseal plates.
DWARFISM- abnormally small body size
due to improper growth at the epiphyseal
plates.
RICKETS- growth retardation due to
nutritional deficiencies in minerals (Ca2+) or
vitamin D; results in bones that are soft,
weak, and easily fractured.

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BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
TUBERCULOSIS- typically, a lung
bacterium that can also affect bone.
DECALCIFICATION
OSTEOMALACIA- softening of adult
bones due to calcium depletion;
often caused by vitamin D
deficiency.

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JOINT DISORDERS
ARTHRITIS- inflammation of a joint,
causes include infectious agents,
metabolic disorders, trauma, and
immune disorders
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- general
connective tissue autoimmune
disease.
GOUT- increased production and
accumulation of uric acid crystals in
tissue, including joint capsules.

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BURSITIS- inflammation of a
bursa.
BUNION- most bunions are
deformations of the first
metatarsal (the great toe); bursitis
may accompany this deformity;
irritated by tight shoes

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THE END
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