PHILIPPINE

EDUCATION &
POLITICS
Linguistic Group
12A – The Tower
PRE-COLONIAL
EDUCATION
Pre-colonial
education
› Vocational - relating to an occupation or
employment.

› Constitutional - relating to an established set of

principles governing a state.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

Pre-colonial
education
› A quote from K-12 Academics:
"During the pre-colonial period, most children were provided with
solely vocational training, which was supervised by parents, tribal
tutors or those assigned for specific, specialized roles within their
communities (for example, the babaylan). In most communities,
stories, songs, poetry, dances, medicinal practices and advice
regarding all sorts of community life issues were passed from
generation to generation mostly through oral tradition.“
› According to the quote, early Filipinos lacked a constitutional
education system. Knowledge and practices that were essential
to their livelihood were taught by professionals in that specific
field.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

Pre-colonial
education

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

SPANISH
EDUCATION
SPANISH EDUCATION

UNLOCKING OF TERMINOLOGIES
› Baybayin - an ancient pre-colonial Philippine writing
system.
› Jesuits - a member of the Society of Jesus.
› Secular - not connected with religious or spiritual
matters.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

SPANISH EDUCATION

A quote from the K12 Academics:

› "Formal education was brought to the Philippines by
the Spaniards, which was conducted mostly by
religious orders. Upon learning the local languages
and writing systems, they began teaching Christianity,
the Spanish language, and Spanish culture."
› Education during the Spanish period was driven by
religious intent for Filipinos to undergo conversion.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

SPANISH EDUCATION

› "These religious orders opened the first schools and

universities as early as the 16th century. Spanish
missionaries established schools immediately after
reaching the islands."
› The very first college in the Philippines was founded by
a group of Jesuits in 1589. This college, however, was
only for boys.
› Additionally, girls at the time only had two choices.
Beaterio, a school platform that prepares them for the
convent and other schools for secular womanhood.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

SPANISH EDUCATION

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

MODERN EDUCATION
MODERN EDUCATION

A quote from the K12 Academics:

› "In 2010, then-Senator Benigno Aquino III expressed his
desire to implement the K-12 basic education cycle to
increase the number of years of compulsory
education to thirteen years. According to him, this will
'give everyone an equal chance to succeed' and
'have quality education and profitable jobs' "

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

MODERN EDUCATION

› After the Department of Education adapted the K-12

curriculum starting SY 2011-2012, it was written into the
country's law to make sure it is implemented in the
following years, ensuring that all Filipino students will
receive compulsory kindergarten, 6 years of
elementary, 4 years of junior high school and 2 years
of senior high school. (K-6-4-2)

References:
https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20i
n%20the%20Philippines/history-education-philippines

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

POLITICS
PRE-COLONIAL
POLITICS
PRE-COLONIAL POLITICS

A quote from The News Today:

› The barangay was the Filipino's earliest form of
government. It was an independent settlement
consisting of thirty to one hundred families usually
situated along a riverbank or at the mouth of a river
spilling out to the sea.
› Each barangay was ruled by a datu or village chief
who was also known as raha or rajah. Some datus
were more powerful than others and, consequently,
were duly respected and exercise tremendous
influence.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

PRE-COLONIAL POLITICS

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

SPAIN & US
COLONIAL
POLITICS
SPANISH COLONIAL
POLITICS

During the Spanish colonization in the Philippines , the government was

composed of two branches, the executive and the judicial.
There was no legislative branch on that time since the laws of the islands
were coming from Spain . The only laws created in the Philippines are
those who were ordered by the Governor General.
The government on that time was lead by the Governor General. He
was considered as the representative of Spain and the King himself. He
is the highest officer in the island and responsible for implementing laws
from the mother country. He also has the power to appoint or relieve
officer in the government or priest in the parish, except with those
personally appointed by the king of Spain .

Reference: http://varron.expertscolumn.com/article/philippine-
government-during-spanish-colonial-period

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

AMERICAN COLONIAL
POLITICS

The Commonwealth Government was a ten-year transitory government which

gave Filipinos a chance to prove to the Americans their capability readiness in
handling their own government. If proven capable the independence of the
Philippines would be proclaimed upon the expiration of the said period.
The Commonwealth was a semi-independent or autonomous government of the
Filipinos under American tutelage. It was republican in form under the
presidential type. The legislative power was vested in a bicameral congress that
was divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.
It had its own system of judicial courts with the Supreme Court on top of the
ladder.
Reference:
https://www.thenewstoday.info/2006/08/18/the.government.during.the.america
n.regime.html

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

 MODERN
POLITICS
MODERN POLITICS
post-1987

Within weeks of his inauguration as president of the Philippines

in June 2016, Rodrigo R. Duterte became the most
internationally known Filipino leader since Ferdinand Marcos,
the country’s infamous dictator, and Corazon Aquino, the
iconic housewife-turned-president who championed the
restoration of democracy in 1986. A great deal of media
attention has been paid to Duterte’s murderous war on drugs
as well as to his often crass and controversial statements. His
embrace of China and his visceral disdain for the United States
has garnered additional attention in foreign policy circles, and
he frequently is included in media reports and scholarly
articles on the rise of populism globally.

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

MODERN POLITICS
post-1987

The Duterte government’s track record regarding human rights and democracy
is undoubtedly disturbing. It has run roughshod over human rights, its political
opponents, and the country’s democratic institutions. The combination of the
Philippines’ powerful presidency and the malleability of most of its political
institutions is resulting in significant democratic backsliding. But to focus only on
Duterte fails to appreciate two other important elements: the extent to which this
degradation has happened through nominally legal means, and the limited
pushback to date by groups and institutions opposed to strongman rule. This
working paper takes an in-depth look at the complex dynamics contributing to
democratic backsliding in the Philippines.

Reference: https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/01/10/philippine-politics-under-duterte-
midterm-assessment-pub-78091

PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower

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PHILIPPINE EDUCATION | 21st CENTURY LITERATURE | 12A – The Tower