Sequences and

Series
(Jujukan dan Siri)
Is this a pattern?

2,4,6,8,10,12,…

a, b, c, d, e
Patterns and sequences

We often need to spot a pattern in order to

predict what will happen next.
In maths, the correct name for a pattern of
numbers is called a SEQUENCE.
The first number in a SEQUENCE is sometimes
called the FIRST TERM; the second is the
SECOND TERM and so on.
Patterns and sequences

For any pattern it is important to try to spot

what is happening before you can predict the
next number.
The first 2 or 3 numbers is rarely enough to
show the full pattern - 4 or 5 numbers are
best.
Patterns and sequences

For any pattern it is important to try to spot

what is happening before you can predict the
next number.

1, 2, …… What’s the next number?

Patterns and sequences

For any pattern it is important to try to spot

what is happening before you can predict the
next number.

1, 2, 4,… Who thought that the next

number was 3?

What comes next?

Patterns and sequences

For any pattern it is important to try to spot

what is happening before you can predict the
next number.

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …
What comes next?
Patterns and sequences

Look at what is happening from 1 TERM to

the next. See if that is what is happening
for every TERM.

5, 8, 12, 17, 23, …, …

+3
Patterns and sequences

Look at what is happening from 1 TERM to

the next. See if that is what is happening
for every TERM.

5, 8, 12, 17, 23, …, …

+3 +4
Patterns and sequences

Look at what is happening from 1 TERM to

the next. See if that is what is happening
for every TERM.

5, 8, 12, 17, 23, …, …

+3 +4
Patterns and sequences

Look at what is happening from 1 TERM to

the next. See if that is what is happening
for every TERM.

5, 8, 12, 17, 23, …, …

+3 +4 +5
Patterns and sequences

Look at what is happening from 1 TERM to

the next. See if that is what is happening
for every TERM.

5, 8, 12, 17, 23, …, …

+3 +4 +5 +6
Patterns and sequences

Look at what is happening from 1 TERM to

the next. See if that is what is happening
for every TERM.

5, 8, 12, 17, 23, 30, …

+3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Patterns and sequences Infinite
sequence
Now try these patterns:

3, 7, 11, 15, 19, …, …

128, 64, 32, 16, 8, …, …

1000, 100, 10, 1, …, …

So what is a finite
5, 15, 45, 135, …, … sequence?
In general,
•
Consider the following sequence
• 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
• What is the value of a (T1 ) ?
• T5 ?
Tn is
• What is the pattern? called
• T1 = 1 = 12 the
general
• T 2 = 4 = 22 term
• T3 = 9 = 32
• … T12 = ? Sequence is
• Tn = ?
Examples: Write a rule for the nth term.

2 2 2 2
a. , , , ,... b. 3,5,7,9,...
5 25 125 625

• •

2 2 2 2
1
, 2 , 3 , 4 ,...
5 5 5 5

Look for a pattern…

Example: write a rule for the nth term.
•

Think:
 Describe the pattern, write the next term, and
write a rule for the nth term of the sequence
(a) – 1, – 8, – 27, – 64, . . .
SOLUTION
a. You can write the terms as (– 1)3, (– 2)3, (– 3)3,
(– 4)3, . . . . The next term is a5 = (– 5)3 = – 125.
A rule for the nth term is an = (– n)3.
Describe the pattern, write the next term, and
write a rule for the nth term of the sequence
(b) 0, 2, 6, 12, . . . .

SOLUTION
b. You can write the terms as 0(1), 1(2), 2(3), 3(4),
....
The next term is f (5) = 4(5) = 20. A rule for the
nth term is f (n) = (n – 1)n.
Consider this:

…
• What is the pattern? How many
dots for the next term?
• What about the 50th term?
• Need to find general term or
the rule first.
Rearrange the dots:

Double the dots:

Thus;
•
Write in general term

• 5,8,11,14, 17, …

• 25, 21, 17, 13, …

• 1, 3, 9, 27
Series
• A series is the sum of the terms in
the sequence and is represented by
Sn.

• E.g.
• Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 +…+ Tn

• For finite series,

• 1 + 3 + 5 + 7.

• For infinite series,

• 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +…
The summation symbol
•
Generally.
• For finite series

• For infinite series,

Write the following series using the
summation symbol
•
 Finding the values of the
summation
•

1 +2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10 = 55

= 62

[2(-1) -3] + [2(0)-3]+[2(1)-3] +[2(2)-3]

= -8
Finding the sum for an infinite
sequence

Convergent Divergent
sequence sequence
Infinite
(Jujukan (Jujukan
sequence
menumpu) mencapah)
Convergence
•
Divergence
•