ELECTRICITY AND

MAGNETISM
MR. PETER PAUL REBUCAN PERUDA, LPT
peterpaulperuda@gmail.com
ELECTROSTATICS
-ELECTRIC CHARGES
-METHODS OF CHARGING
ELECTRIC CHARGES
ELECTRIC CHARGES
 Electrostatics stands for electricity at rest.
 It was observed in the 16th century by a Greek philosopher named
THALES.
 In his observations, tiny bits of paper or very thin wood shavings were
attracted by a piece of amber after it was rubbed with wool.
 This observation led to the discovery of other materials behaving like
amber.
 These objects attract other light objects when rubbed against each other.
 These phenomena are observed due to the electrical nature of matter. All
matters are made up of tiny particles called atoms.
 An atom is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
 Electron is a negative charge. Proton is a positive charge and neutrons have no
charge and are said to be neutral.
 Naturally, all matter have equal number of protons and electrons making them
neutral at the very beginning.
 After rubbing, the composition of the matter changes, making the number of
protons and electrons no longer equal.
 With this, matter becomes negatively charged or positively charged.
METHODS OF CHARGING
METHODS OF CHARGING
1.CHARGING BY FRICTION
2.CHARGING BY INDUCTION
3.CHARGE OF POLARIZATION
CHARGING BY FRICTION

 Rubbing or charging by friction is the most common way of charging.

 In this method, plastic rod and wool cloth become negatively charged and
positively charged respectively.
 This happens when some electrons of wool transfer to plastic after rubbing. The
transfer of electrons from wool to plastic makes the plastic rod to have a greater
number of protons after rubbing, becoming positively charged.
 This is also the case between rubber rod and silk cloth. In this process, the rubber
rod becomes positively charged and the silk cloth becomes negatively charged.
CHARGING BY INDUCTION

 Aside from friction, there are other ways of charging which are more effective.
This is charging by induction
 In the process, an object, usually a conductor, can be charged using positively
charged object or negatively charged object. When a positively charged rod is
brought nearer (no contact) to the object, the orientation of the electrons and
protons in the objects changes.
 Earthing or grounding makes electron flow in to replace missing electrons.
 Induced charges were left on the can when the finger was taken away and when
the charged rod was removed; the object became negatively charged.
 Charging by induction does not reduce charge on the rod.
CHARGE POLARIZATION

 In charging by induction, objects are usually conductors. Charging by induction

can also be used in insulators. The method is known as CHARGE POLARIZATION.
 In the process, an insulator like paper rearranges the position of charges within
the atoms and molecules themselves when charged rod is brought nearer the
paper. The atom or molecule is said to be electrically polarized.
 If the charged rod is positive, say, then, the negative side of the atom or molecule
is toward the rod, and the positive charge of the atom or molecule is away from
it.
 With this arrangement, the bits of paper are attracted because molecules are
polarized on the paper.
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