INDIAN GARDENS

By Chaitanya Aggarwal
Kritika Dhiman
Malvika Rana
Samarpit Singh
Yuvansh Goel
 HISTORY OF GARDENS IN INDIA
• THE OLDEST EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTANCE OF GARDENS IN INDIA
COMES FROM LITERARY SOURCES, SACRED WORKS INCLUDING THE
RAMAYANA AND VASTUSHASTRA BUT NO PHYSICAL EXAMPLES
HAVE SURVIVED FROM THIS PERIOD.

• THE OLDEST INDIAN PALACE FROM WHICH FRAGMENTS SURVIVE IS

AT VIJAYNAGAR. IT HAD COURTYARDS SURROUNDED BY
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND HAD FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
GARDENS.

• WITH THE START OF MUSLIM INFLUENCE IN INDIA ,RESIDENTIAL

BUILDINGS BEGAN TO BE BUILT IN STONEMOST WERE HILLTOP
FORTRESSES WITH LITTLE SPACE FOR ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE.

• MOST PROBABLY EMPLOYING HINDU CRAFTSMEN THE MUSLIMS

BUILT MOSQUES, FORTS, PALACES AND GARDENS IN WHAT
BECAME KNOWN AS THE MUGHAL STYLE.
 CONCEPTS

• CHARBAGH CONCEPT (TAKEN FROM MUGHAL GARDENS).

• COURTYARD CONCEPT (TAKEN FROM RAJPUT PALACE
GARDENS).
• NATURAL CONCEPT (BOTANICAL GARDENS)
MUGHAL GARDEN
STYLE - I
 CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF
MUGHAL GARDENS

THE GENERAL LAYOUT OF MUGHAL GARDENS WAS:

• BOUNDARY WALL
• GEOMETRICAL LAYOUT
• CROSSING PATTERNS OF CANALS
• CHAHR BAGH PLANNING

MUGHAL GARDEN AT JAIGARH

 INDIAN GARDEN STYLES

• ISLAMIC OR MUGHAL STYLE: THESE GARDENS WERE BUILT BY

MUGHAL RULERS OR THEIR SUBEDARS. THESE INCLUDED
APPLICATION OF SPIRITUAL CONCEPT. TRADITIONALLY AN ISLAMIC
GARDEN IS A COOL PLACE OF REST AND REFLECTION, AND A
REMINDER OF PARADISE
• THE GENERAL THEME OF AN ISLAMIC GARDEN IS WATER AND
SHADE DUE TO PRESENCE OF HOT AND ARID CLIMATE.
• THE MUGHAL GARDENS WERE INTENDED FOR REST AND
CONTEMPLATION, SO THEY INCLUDE PLACES OF SITTING.
• EXAMPLES:
• NISHAT BAGH, SHALIMAR BAGH Srinagar, AGRA FORT, TAJ MAHAL Agra,
HUMAYUN’S TOMB Delhi
 CHAHRBAGH STRUCTURE
• THE MUGHAL LANDSCAPING IN INDIA IS INFLUENCED BY THE
PERSIAN STYLE OF GARDENS; I.E THE CHAHRBAGH STRUCTURE

• SIGNIFICANT USE OF RECTILINEAR LAYOUTS ARE MADE WITHIN

WALLED ENCLOSURES.

• THE TYPICAL FEATURES INCLUDE: POOLS, FOUNTAINS AND CANALS.

• THE HIGH BOUNDARY WALLS ENCLOSING THE RECTILINEAR PARKS

WERE PURPOSED FOR SAFETY AND PRIVACY

• THE INNER SPACES WERE FILLED WITH THOSE ELEMENTS WHICH

MAN FINDS MOST PLEASING IN NATURE;- THE RUNNING WATER,
POOLS REFLECTING SKY AND GARDEN, TREES OF VARIOUS SORTS.
SHALIMAR BAGH, SRINAGAR
 LAYOUT OF GARDENS BY MUGHALS
• THE MUGHALS WERE OBSESSED WITH SYMBOLS INCORPORATED IT
INTO THEIR GARDENS IN MANY WAYS.

• THE STANDARD QURANIC REFERENCES TO PARADISE WERE IN THE

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, LAYOUT AND CHOICE OF PLANT LIFE,
BUT MOST SPECIFICALLY THE NUMEROLOGICAL AND ZODIACAL
SIGNIFICANCES.

• THE NUMBERS 8 AND 9 WERE CONSIDERED AUSPICIOUS AND CAN

BE FOUND IN THE NO. OF TERRACES OR IN GARDEN ARCHITECTURE
SUCH AS OCTAGONAL POOLS.

• THE LAYOUT IS RIGIDLY CONVENTIAL AND AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL.

 CONTINUED….
• THE AIM OF DESIGN IS TO DISCIPLINE NATURE AND NOT TO IMITATE
IT. HENCE THIS STYLE BELONGS TO SCHOOL OF FORMALISTS AND
NOT NATURALISTS.

• THE PLAN OF THE GARDENS IS BASED ON REGULAR ARRANGEMENT

OF SQUARES, OFTEN DIVIDED INTO SUBSQUARES TO FORM FIGURES
OF CHARBAGH

• PAVED PATHWAYS AND WATER CHANNELS FOLLOW THE SHAPES OF

THESE SQUARES.

• THE WATER SUPPLY REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THESE GARDENS WAS

OFTEN BROUGHT FROM DISTANT SOURCES BY MEANS OF CANALS
WHICH WERE THEMSELVES GREAT FEATS OF ENGINEERING.
BOTANICAL GARDEN
STYLE - 2
 CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF
BOTANICAL GARDENS

THE FEATURES OF BOTANICAL GARDENS INCLUDE:

• GREEN HOUSES
• SHADEHOUSES
• EDUCATIONAL DISPAY AREAS.
• ART EXHIBITIONS
• BOOK ROOMS
• OPEN AIR MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES
LALBAGH GARDEN, BANGLORE
 INDIAN GARDEN STYLES
• BOTANICAL GARDENS: A GARDEN DEDICATED TO THE COLLECTION ,
CULTIVATION AND DISPLAY OF A WIDE RANGE OF PLANTS
LABELLED WITH THEIR BOTANICAL NAMES.

• THESE GARDENS SERVE PURPOSE OF RECREATION AS WELL AS

INFORMATION AND ABOVE ALL CONSERVATION OF FLORA.

• IT MAY CONTAIN SPECIALIST COLLECTION OF PLANTS FROM

PARTICULAR PARTS OF THE WORLD.

• EXAMPLES:
• ACHARAYA JAGDISH CHANDRA BOSE INDIAN BOTANICAL GARDEN, KOLKATA
• BOTANICAL GARDEN CHANDIGARH
• LAL BAGH GARDEN BANGALORE
 LAYOUT OF BOTANICAL GARDENS
• THE LAYOUT OF BOTANICAL GADRENS DIFFER FROM OTHER
GARDENS N A WAY THAT THEY ARE LAID OUT ACCORDING TO
SCIENTIFIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THEIR PLANT COLLECTIONS, RATHER
THAN EXCLUSIVELY FOR LANDSCAPE EFFECT OR FOR PLAYING
FIELDS OR OTHER RECREATIONAL ENDEAVOURS.

• THE PRACTICE OF LAYING A BOTANICAL GARDEN IS THAT TREES

AND SHRUBS ARE GATHERED TOGETHER IN ARBORETUM SECTION
OF GARDEN.

• THE PROVISION OF SERVICE OR DISPLAY GREENHOUSES IS DONE TO

GROW PLANTS THAT MAY NOT SURVIVE SEASONAL CHANGES.
 LAYOUT OF BOTANICAL GARDENS
• STORAGE AREAS ARE PROVIDED FOR MAINTAINING FAVOURABLE
CONDITIONS TO CERTAIN SPECIES .

• MANY GARDENS POSSESS HERBARIA, A COLLECTION OF A FEW

MANY TO THOUSANDS OF DRIED PLANT SPECIMENS MOUNTED ON
SHEETS OF PAPER.

• UNIVERSITY AFFILIATED GARDENS PROVIDE EXTENSIVE LIBRARIES,

HERBARIA AND LABORATORY RESEARCH FACILITIES.

• THE LAYOUT ALSO GIVES IMPORTANCE TO RECREATIONAL ASPECTS

COURTYARD GARDEN
STYLE - 3
 CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF
COURTYARD GARDENS

THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THIS STYLE ARE:

• USE OF ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES.
• LANTERN LIGHTING
• STEPPING STONES
• SCULPTURES
STEPPING STONES LANTERN LIGHTING
 INDIAN GARDEN STYLES
• COURTYARD STYLE: THIS GARDEN STYLE IS MOSTLY FOUND IN
PALACES, RAJPUT ARCHITECTURE, HINDU LANDSCAPING.

• IT IS MAINLY MEANT FOR SHADE, STROLL AND RELIEF FROM HARSH

SUN

• THEY WERE CENTRALISED TYPE OF GARDENS PRESENT IN THE

COURTYARDS OF PALACES AND HOUSES TO REFRESH THE AIR
QUALITY.

• EXAMPLES:
• AMER FORT COURTYARD JAIPUR
• JAIGARH FORT
COURTYARD GARDEN AT AMER FORT
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREES USED IN
INDIAN GARDENS
• INDIA IS A MEGA DIVERSE NATION AND HOUSES
THOUSANDS OF PLANT SPECIES AND TREES.

Most Common Trees Found In Indian Gardens are :-

PEEPAL TREE BANYAN TREE TEAK TREE
MANGO TREE PALM TREE ASHOK
JAMUN SAL BABUL
AMLA SHEESHAM SANDALWOOD
MULBERRY TREE EUCALYPTUS DEODAR
BAIR NIMBU INDIAN WILLOW
NIGHT JASMINE BAMBOO ETC.
PEEPAL TREE
• FICUS RELIGIOSA
 IDENTIFICATION

• IT IS A MEDIUM SIZE TREE AND HAS A LARGE CROWN WITH THE WONDERFUL
WIDE SPREADING BRANCHES. IT SHED ITS LEAVES IN THE MONTH OF MARCH
AND APRIL.

• THE TREE IS GOING TO THE HEIGHT OF 18-25 METERS.

• THE SMOOTH, WHITISH-GREY BARK COVERES THE GARLAND AND KNOTTED

TRUNK, WITH MANY HOLES AND BURRS.

• THE FLOWERS ARE NOT VISIBLE, BEING ENCLOSED WITHIN FLESHY CUP LIKE
STRUCTURE CALLED RECEPTACLES.

• THEY ARE USED IN A VARIETY OF A ART WORK AS A BASE FOR PAINTING AND
CRAFTS.

• LEAVES :- PEEPAL IS A LARGE, FAST GROWING DECIDUOUS TREE. IT HAS A

HEART SHAPED LEAVES WHICH IS DARK AND SHINY, NEEDS PROPER
NOURISHMENT. IT REQUIRES FULL SUNLIGHT AND PROPER WATERING..IT IS
ABOUT 15-20CMS LONG AND 10-12CMS WIDE.
CONTINUE…
 MEDICAL USES :-

THE JUICE OF ITS LEAVES EXTRACTED BY HOLDING THEM NEAR THE

FIRE CAN BE USED AS THE EAR DROP.

 FRUITS & FLOWERS :-

 IT BLOSSOMS IN SPRING WITH THE SMALL WHITE FLOWERS.

 ITS FLOWERS ARE SMALL AND WHITE IN COLOUR.

 THE LOIVE LIKE EDIBLE FRUIT IS OVAL, ROUND AND THIN SKINNED.

 THE FLOWERS ARE LARGE CLUSTERS OF UP TO 250 INDIVIDUAL

WHITE BLOOMS.
BANYAN TREE
FICUS BENGHALENSIS
 IDENTIFICATION
 BANYAN TREE IS A HUGE TREE WITH VERY EXTENSIVE BRANCHES. . IT IS A
EVERGREEN TREE. IT BRANCHES SPREAD OUT AND SEND TRUNK LIKE ROOTS TO
THE GROUND IN ORDER TO SUPPORT ITSELF. IT GROWS TO A HEIGHT OF MORE
THAN 21 METERS AND LIVES FOR MANY YEARS. THE LEAVES ARE 10 -20 CM
LONG AND HAS MANY AERIAL ROOTS.

 LEAVES :-

 THE LEAVES ARE BROAD, OVAL AND GLOSSY.

 WHITE MILKY FLUID OOZES OUT OF LEAVES, IF BROKEN.

 IT CAN GROW IN TO THE GAINT TREE COVERING SEVERAL HECTARES.

 THE DARK GREEN LEAVES OF THE TREE ARE LARGE AND LEATHERY THAT’S
WHY, THE LEAVES ARE USED AS ANIMAL FODDER.

 THE TREE IS DEEPLY ROOTED, WHICH MAY SPREAD ACROSS SEVERAL ACRES.

 IT IS HUGE IN SIZE, THEREBY GIVING PROTECTION FROM HOT SUN.

CONTINUE…
 FRUITS & FLOWERS :-

 THE TREE BEARS FRUITS THAT LOOK LIKE FIGS.

 THE FRUITS, WHICH APPEAR RED IN COLOR WHEN MATURED, ARE

NOT EDIBLE.

 THE FLOWERS PRODUCED BY THE TREE OFTEN ATTRACT WASPS,

FOR POLLINATION.

 AN OLD BANYAN TREE CAN REACH MORE THAN 656 FEET IN

DIAMETER AND CAN BE AS TALL AS 98 FEET.

 THE RUBBER, PRODUCED FROM THE STICKY MILK OF BANYAN

TREE, IS USED FOR GARDENING.
KIKAR TREE
ACACIA KAROO
 IDENTIFICATION

 KIKAR IS THE SMALL THORNY TREE. IT GROWS TO THE HEIGHT OF 7–12

FEET. IT IS CULTIVATED FOR EROSION AND FUEL WOOD. ITS WOOD IS USED
FOR THE PAPER PRODUCTION. IT IS MAINLY GROWN IN HOT AND DRY
REGION.

 LEAVES :-

 THE LEAVES ARE LIGHT GREEN AND FERN LIKE UP TO 120 MM LONG AND
50 MM.

 THE BARK IS RED -BROWN TO BLACKISH AND ROUGH.

 IT CAN BE GROWN IN ANY TYPE OF SOIL.

 IT REQUIRES WATER FOR SEED GERMINATION.

 IT IS WIDELY FOUND IN SOUTH WEST HARYANA, RAJASTHAN, PARTS OF

GUJARAT AND MADHYA PRADESH.
 TEAK TREE
TECTONA GRANDIS

IDENTIFICATION:- TEAK IS TALL

EVERGREEN TREE. IT HAS YELLOWISH
BROWN TO REDDISH BROWN WOOD.
IT ATTAINS THE HEIGHT OF ABOUT 30
METER. THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE
TREE IS ROUGH TO TOUCH AND THE
INNER SURFACE HAS HAIRS.
EXAMPLE OF INDIAN
GARDENS
 ACHARYA JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE GARDEN
 LAL BAGH BANGLORE
 YADVINDRA GARDEN-MUGHAL GARDEN
 BRINDAVAN GARDEN
 LEISURE VALLEY-ROSE GARDEN, TERRACED
GARDEN, BOTANICAL GARDEN, RAJENDRA GARDEN
 ROCK GARDEN- SCULPTURE GARDEN
ACHARYA JAGADISH
CHANDRA BOSE
GARDEN, KOLKATA
Institution Type: Botanic Garden
Date founded: 1786
Total Area: 109 Hectares
12,000 Living Plants
2.5 Million Dried Plant
SHIBPUR, HOWRAH, WEST BENGAL
Garden
 INTRODUCTION
• THE ACHARYA JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE
BOTANICAL GARDEN IS SITUATED ON WEST BANK
OF RIVER HOOGLY AT SHIBPUR, HOWRAH NEAR
KOLKATA.

• THEY ARE COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE CALCUTTA

BOTANICAL GARDEN, AND PREVIOUSLY AS THE
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.

• THE GARDENS EXHIBIT A WIDE VARIETY OF RARE

PLANTS AND A TOTAL COLLECTION OF OVER
12,000 SPECIMENS SPREAD OVER 109 HECTARES.

• IT IS UNDER BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (BSI) OF

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
CONTINUE….
• THE BEST-KNOWN LANDMARK OF THE
GARDEN IS...Anyone Knows ??

• THEY ARE ALSO FAMOUS FOR THEIR

ENORMOUS COLLECTIONS OF ORCHIDS,
BAMBOOS, PALMS, AND PLANTS OF
THE SCREW PINE GENUS (PANDANUS).

• THERE ARE TOWERING MAHOGANY

TREES, AN AVENUE OF CUBAN PALMS
AND ORCHID HOUSE.

• THE GARDENS WERE FOUNDED IN 1787

BY COLONEL ROBERT KYD, AN ARMY
OFFICER OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIA
COMPANY.
SCULPTURE WATER BODY

BRIDGE
 HOW
MANY
PEOPLE
CAN
STAND
UNDER A
TREE ???
LAL BAGH BOTANICAL
GARDEN, BANGLORE
COMMISIONED IN 1760
Mavalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Garden
 INTRODUCTION
• LALBAGH BOTANICAL GARDENS,
MEANING THE RED GARDEN IN ENGLISH, IS
A WELL KNOWN BOTANICAL GARDEN IN
SOUTHERN BANGALORE, INDIA .

• THE GARDEN WAS ORIGINALLY

COMMISSIONED BY HYDER ALI, THE RULER
OF MYSORE, AND LATER FINISHED BY HIS
SON TIPU SULTAN.

• IT HAS A FAMOUS GLASS HOUSE WHICH

HOSTS AN ANNUAL FLOWER SHOW.

• LALBAGH HOUSES HAS INDIA'S LARGEST

COLLECTION OF TROPICAL PLANTS, HAS A
LAKE, AND IS ONE OF THE MAIN TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS IN BANGALORE.
CONTINUE…
• LALBAGHS HAS AN AREA OF 240 ACRES.

• THE GARDEN HAS OVER 1,000 SPECIES

OF FLORA. THE GARDEN ALSO HAS TREES
THAT ARE OVER 100 YEARS OLD.

• THE GARDEN SURROUNDS ONE OF THE

TOWERS ERECTED BY THE FOUNDER
OF BANGALORE, KEMPE GOWDA.

• WITH AN INTRICATE WATERING SYSTEM FOR

IRRIGATION, THIS GARDEN IS AESTHETICALLY
DESIGNED, WITH LAWNS, FLOWERBEDS,
LOTUS POOLS AND FOUNTAINS. MOST OF THE
CENTURIES-OLD TREES ARE LABELED FOR
EASY IDENTIFICATION.
CONTINUE…
• THE LALBAGH ROCK ONE OF THE
OLDEST ROCK FORMATIONS ON EARTH,
DATING BACK TO 3,000 MILLION YEARS,
IS ANOTHER ATTRACTION THAT
ATTRACTS THE CROWDS.

• LALBAGH HAS FOUR GATES:

 THE WESTERN GATE IS SITUATED NEAR

SIDDAPUR CIRCLE. ONE CAN ENTER THIS
GATE AND ENJOY THE SILVAN
ATMOSPHERE OF THE GARDEN.

 THE SOUTHERN GATE IS THE MAIN GATE

AND IS NEAR LALBAGH ROAD. THE
NORTHERN GATE LEADS TO THE GLASS
HOUSE AND SERVES AS THE PRIMARY
EXIT.
YADVINDRA GARDEN,
PINJORE
17TH CENTURY MUGHAL GARDEN
Pinjore City Of Panchkula District In The
State Of Haryana
 INTRODUCTION
• PINJORE GARDENS (ALSO KNOWN AS YADAVINDRA
GARDENS) IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE MUGHAL GARDEN
STYLE.

• THE GARDEN IS IN PINJORE 22 KM FROM CHANDIGARH ON

THE AMBALA-SHIMLA ROAD. THE GARDENS WERE
DESIGNED BY MUZAFFAR HUSSAIN.

• HE WAS AN ARCHITECT AND FOSTER BROTHER TO

AURANGZEB.

• THE FASCINATING MUGHAL GARDENS (NOW POPULARLY

CALLED PINJORE GARDENS) COVER A TOTAL AREA OF 100
ACRES.

• THE GARDEN AND THE TEMPLE COMPLEX LAID IN AN

OPEN-AIR MUSEUM AND ARE INTEGRATED THROUGH
WELL-LAID-OUT AND WELL-DRAINED PATHWAYS TO
REMOVE ANY WATER LOGGING.
 SEVEN TERRACE CONCEPT
• THE MAIN GATE OF THE GARDEN OPENING INTO THE
HIGHEST FIRST TERRACE, WHICH HAS A PALACE BUILT IN
RAJASTHANI–MUGHAL STYLE. IT IS CALLED THE “SHISH
MAHAL” (PALACE OF GLASS), WHICH IS ADJOINED BY A
ROMANTIC "HAWA MAHAL" (AIRY PALACE).

• THE SECOND TERRACE WITH ARCHED DOORWAYS HAS THE

"RANG MAHAL" (PAINTED PALACE).

• THE THIRD TERRACE HAS CYPRESS TREES AND FLOWERBEDS

LEADING TO DENSE GROVES OF FRUIT TREES.

• THE NEXT TERRACE HAS THE "JAL MAHAL" (PALACE OF

WATER) WITH A SQUARE FOUNTAIN BED AND A PLATFORM
TO RELAX.

• FOUNTAINS AND TREE GROVES ARE PROVIDED IN THE NEXT

TERRACE.

• THE LOWERMOST TERRACE HAS AN OPEN-AIR THEATRE,

WHICH IS DESIGNED AS A DISC-LIKE STRUCTURE.
SHEESH MAHAL JAL MAHAL
• HE PLANNED THE GARDENS ON THE CLASSICAL CHARBAGH
PATTERN, GIVING THE AREA A CENTRAL WATER WAY. BOTH
SIDES OF THIS WATERWAY WERE COVERED WITH PATCHES OF
GREEN BORDERED WITH FLOWERS AND SHADED BY TREES.

• LIKE OTHER MUGHAL GARDENS, THIS ONE ALSO HAS A

SLOPING GROUND AND IS DECORATED WITH FOUNTAINS AND
GRAND AND BEAUTIFUL PAVILIONS.

• THERE IS A CHANNEL OF WATER IN THE MIDDLE OF THE

GARDEN. THE FOUNTAINS ARE LOCATED INSIDE THIS CHANNEL
OF WATER.

• THERE ARE WALKWAYS LOCATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE

CHANNEL.

• LINED WITH HUGE TREES AND A STRETCH OF GREEN GRASS,

THESE WALKWAYS ADD TO THE BEAUTY, CHARM AND
ELEGANCE OF THE PINJORE GARDEN.

• IF YOU WALK STRAIGHT DOWN, YOU WILL ARRIVE AT A HUGE

PAVILION, WHICH OFFERS MARVELOUS VIEW OF THE ENTIRE
GARDEN.

• THE PAVILION ALSO HAS A TERRACE WITH A WATER BODY

LOCATED IN THE CENTER.
THANK YOU