AN OVER - VIEW OF BJT

A BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OR BJT) IS A TYPE

OF TRANSISTOR THAT USES BOTH ELECTRONS AND HOLES AS CHARGE
CARRIERS.
THETRANSISTOR IS ATHREE-LAYER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE CONSISTING OF EITHER
TWON- AND ONE P- TYPE LAYERS OF MATERIAL OR TWO P- AND ONE N- TYPE LAYERS
OF MATERIAL.
• THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
• P-N-P TRANSISTORS
• N-P-N TRANSISTORS
NAMING OF TRANSISTOR TERMINALS
• TRANSISTORS CONSISTS OF 3 SECTIONS OF DOPED SEMI –CONDUCTOR
• THE SECTION 1 IS CALLED “ EMITTER” AND THE SECTION OPPOSITE TO IT IS
CALLED “COLLECTOR”.
• THE LEFT MIDDLE SECTION IS CALLED “ BASE ”

Transistor
symbol
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS
EMIITER COLLECTOR BASE
• THE SECTION ON ONE SIDE • THE SECTION ON THE OTHER • THE MIDDLE SECTION WHICH
THAT SUPPLIES CARRIERS ITS SIDE THAT COLLECTS CARRIER FORMS TWO P-N-P JUNCTION
CURRENT IS CALLED IS CALLED “ CARRIER” BETWEEN EMITTER AND
“EMITTER”
COLLECTOR IS CALLED BASE
• FOR “N-P-N” TRANSISTOR
• FOR “N-P-N” TRANSISTOR
COLLECTOR RECIEVES HOLES
EMITTER SUPPLIES HOLES TO
THE JUNCTION TO ITS JUNCTION

• FOR “P-N-P” TRANSISTOR • FOR “P-N-P” TRANSISTOR

EMITTER SUPPLIES COLLECTORS RECIEVES
ELECTRON TO ITS JUNCTION. ELECTRON TO ITS JUNCTION
 TRANSISTOR OPERATIONS
• WORKING OF P-N-P TRANSISTOR • FORWARD BIAS IS APLLIED TO EMITTER-BASE
JUNCTION AND REVERSE BIAS IS APPLIED TO
COLLECTOR BASE JUNCTION

• THE FORWARD BIAS IN THE EMITTER BASE JUNCTION

CAUSES HOLES TO MOVE TOWARDS BASE .THIS
CONSTITUTE THE EMITTER CURRENT

• AS THIS HOLE MOVE TOWARDS N- TYPE BASE ,THEY

TRY TO RECOMBINE WITH ELECTRONS.

• THESE RECOMBINES HOLES CONSTITUTE SMALL BASE

CURRENT

• THE REMAINDER HOLE CROSSES BASE AND

CONSTITUTE COLLECTOR CURRENT
TRANSISTOR SYMBOLS
 TRANSISTOR CONNECTIONS
THESE CAN BE
CONNECTED TO • COMMON BASE
THE SURFACE IN • COMMON EMITTER
FOLLOWING 3 • COMMON COLLECTOR
WAYS
 COMMON BASE CONNECTION
• THE COMMON BASE IS TERMINOLOGY IS DERIVED FROM THE FACT THAT BASE
IS COMMON TO BOTH INPUT AND OUTPUT SIDES OF THE CONFIGURATION

1st figure depicts the common base NPN configuration and 2 nd depicts PNP configuration
THE COMMON BASE CONNECTION
• CURRENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (): - THERATIO OF CHANGEIN COLLECTOR
CURRENT TO THE CHANGEIN EMITTER CURRENT AT CONSTANT VCB

IC
 I
at constantV

• PRACTICAL VALUE OF ( CAF )IS LESSTHAN UNITY, BUT IN THE RANGE OF 0.9 TO0.99
EXPRESSION FOR COLLECTOR CURRENT
 TOTAL EMITTER CURRENT DOES NOT REACH THE
COLLECTOR TERMINAL BECAUSE A SMALL PORTION OF
IT CONSTITUTE BASE CURRENT SO,
I E  IC  IB
 ALSO THE COLLECTOR DIPOLE IS REVERSE BIASED , SO
EVERY FEW MIORITY CARRIER PASSES THE COLLECTOR
BASE JUNCTION WHICH ACTUALLY CONSTITUTE THE
LEAKAGE CURRENT , I CBO .

 THUS COLLECTOR CURRENT CONSTITUTE A PORTION

OF COLLECTOR CURRENT AND LEAKAGE CURRENT.
I C  IE +I CBO
 CHARACTERSTICS OF COMMON BASE
CONNECTION CONFIGURATION
OUTPUT
INPUT CHARACHTERSTICS CHARACHTERSTICS

• As IE Increases Rapidly With VBE it • IC Varies Linearly With VBC , Only When VBC
signifies Input Resistance is Very Small Is Very Small .

• IE almost independent of VCB. • As VBC Increases IC Becomes Constant .

COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATION
• THECOMMON-EMITTER TERMINOLOGY IS DERIVEDFROM THE FACT THAT THE
EMITTER IS COMMON TO BOTH THE INPUT AND OUTPUT SIDES OF THE
CONFIGURATION.

1ST FIGURE SHOWS COMMON CONNECTOR NPN AND 2ND DEPICTS PNP CONFIGURATION
THE COMMON COLLECTOR CONNECTION
• BASE CURRENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR ( ) :- :IN COMMON EMITTER CONNECTION THE INPUT
CURRENT IS BASE CURRENT AND THE OUTPUT CURRENT IS COLLECTOR CURRENT AND THE
RATIO OF CHANGE IN COLLECTOR CURRENT TO BASE CURRENT IS KNOWN AS CURRENT
AMPLIFICATION FACTOR

•   IC
I B

•AMPLIFICATION
NORMALLY ONLY 5% 0F THE COLLECTOR CURRENT FLOWS TO BASE CURRENT SO
FACTOR IS GREATER THAN 20 .IT RANGES FROM 20 TO 500 USUALLY
 CHARACHTERSTICS OF COMMON EMITTER
CONFIGURATION
INPUT CHARCHTERSTICS OUTPUT CHARACHTERSTICS

• IB INCREASES RAPIDLY WITH VBE IT • IC VARIES LINERALY WITH VCE, ONLY

MEANS INPUT RESISTANCE IS VERY VCE IS VERY SMALL
SMALL • AS VCE INCREASES, IC BECOMES
• IE IS ALMOST INDEPENDENT OF VCE CONSTANT
COMMON COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION
• THECOMMON-COLLECTOR TERMINOLOGY IS DERIVEDFROM THE FACT THAT THE
COLLECTOR IS COMMON TO BOTH THE INPUT AND OUTPUT SIDES OF THE
CONFIGURATION

1ST Figure Depicts Common Collector NPN and 2nd Depicts PNP Configuration
COMMON
•
COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION
CURRENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR :- IN COMMON EMITTER CONNECTION INPUT
CURRENT IS BASE CURRENT AND OUTPUT CURRENT IS EMITTER CURRENT AND
THE RATIO OF CHANGE IN EMITTER CURRENT TO BASE CURRENT IS KNOWN AS
CURRENT AMPLIFICATION

 IE
I B

• THE CIRCUIT PROVIDES SAME GAIN AS CURRENT EMITTER CONFIGURATION

IE  I C
COMPARISON OF TRANSISTOR
CONNECTION
 TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER IN CURRENT
EMITTER CONFIGURATION

• During positive half cycle input a.c will Keep The emitter base Junction more forward , So more carrier will be
emitter by emitter , The Huge current will flow through the load and we will find output amplified circuit .

• During negative half cycle input ac will keep the emitter – base junction less forward biased, so less carrier will
be emitted by emitter. Hence collector current decreases

• This results in decreased output voltage

TRANSISTOR LOAD LINE ANALYSIS

• IN TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IT IS NECESSARYTO DETERMINE COLLECTOR

CURRENT FOR VARIOUS VOLTAGE
• ONEMETHOD IS WE CAN DETERMINE THE COLLECTOR CURRENT AT ANY DESIRED V CE

VOLTAGE, FROM THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS.

• MORE CONVENIENTLY WE CAN USE LOADLINE ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE OPERATING
POINT.
SATURATION , ACTIVE , REVERSE-ACTIVE
AND CUT OFF POINTS
• Saturation :- The Transistor acts as a short-circuit and Current
Freely flows from collector to emitter

• Cut off :- The Transistor acts as an open circuit .No current

flows from Collector to Emitter

• Active :- The Current From Collector to emitter is proportional

to current flowing through the base

• Reverse – Active:- Like Active Modes the Current is

proportional to base current but it flows in reverse .Current
flows from emitter to Collector
 OPERATING POINT
• THE ZERO VALUES OF ICE AND VCE ARE KNOWN AS OPERATING POINT

• ITPOINT
IS CALLED OPERATING POINT BECAUSE VARIATION OF I OCCURS ABOUT THIS
C

• IT IS ALSO CALLED QUIESCENT POINT OR Q-POINT