PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES

IN RESEARCH
MADE BY: ALLEN KEITH E VIRREY
CATALINA PAULA A. MANAIG
WEIGHING
 to determine or ascertain the force that
gravitation exerts upon (a person or thing) by use
of a balance, scale, or other mechanical device.
TYPES OF WEIGHING
 Direct Weighing.
With nothing on the pan, set to zero by pressing the
"on" button. Place weighing bottle, beaker, or vial
on balance and set to zero again. ...
 Indirect weighing (Weighing by difference)
Place enough of the sample in a weighing bottle,
put the lid on, and place on the scale. Record the
mass.
 GRINDING
 is understanding why material is removed, how the work should be done and
the equipment used, to know each application, tool types, abrasives, and
attachments and accessories. Grinding Technique is productivity, good
grinding economy is essential to the overall productivity. Grinding Technique
highlights the value of good design and quality equipment in grinding, and
thus improving productivity. Improved tool efficiency, operator comfort and
safety with aspects such as tool weight and dimensions, grip and working
posture, vibration, dust, noise and safety all gives a higher productivity.
DRYING
 is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of
water or another solvent by evaporation from
a solid, semi-solid or liquid. In the most common case, a
gas stream or air applies the heat by convection and
carries away the vapor as humidity.
TYPES OF DRYING
 Air Drying

 Sun Drying

 Industrial Drying

 Freeze Drying

 Drum Drying
 CENTRIFUGATION
 Centrifugation is the use of the centrifugal forces generated in a spinning
rotor to separate biological particles, such as cells, viruses, sub-cellular
organelles, macromolecules (principally proteins and nucleic acids) and
macromolecular complexes (such as ribonucleoproteins and lipoproteins). The
three main methods of separation are differential pelleting, rate-zonal
centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation.
DIFFERENTIAL
PELLETING

RATE-ZONAL
CENTRIFUGATION

ISOPYCNIC
CENTRIFUGATION
 DISTILLATION
 Distillation is the process of separating components of a
mixture based on different boiling points. Examples of
uses of distillation include purification of alcohol,
desalination, crude oil refining, and making liquefied
gases from air.
 FILTRATION
 Filtration, the technique used to separate solids from liquids, is
the act of pouring a mixture onto a membrane (filter paper)
that allows the passage of liquid (the filtrate) and results in the
collection of the solid. Two filtration techniques are generally
used in chemical separations in general chemistry lab: "gravity"
filtration and "vacuum" filtration.
 ‘pH’ MEASUREMENT
 PH or “potential hydrogen”, quantitative measure of the
acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The
term, widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy,
translates the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion—
which ordinarily ranges between about 1-14, the neutral or
normal pH is 7.

6 WAYS TO MEASURE ‘pH’ LEVEL

• Using an Indicator
• Hydrogen-Electrode Method
• Quinhydron-Electron Method
• Antimony-Electrode Method
• Glass-Electrode Method
• Semiconductor Sensor Method