Digital signal processing

Lecture # 1
Dr. Khurram Kamal
Pre-requisites

 EM-242 Digital Logic Design

 Frequency Response of Linear Systems
 Laplace and Fourier Transforms
Note:
It is assumed that the student already has a knowledge of basic caculus, complex
numbers, differential equations and Laplace transforms.
Course Aims and Objectives

 The course provides an insight to theory and

applications of DSP. Upon completion of this course,
you should have a solid information in the basics of
DSP related to Signals and System Analysis and
Design
 The presented material will describe DSP
techniques, applications, and implementations. The
course is intended to familiarize the audience with
active areas of DSP development, and provide
direction of further investigation.
Course Aims and Objectives

 Provide a thorough and complete introduction to the

subject of modern DSP.
 Emphasize the links between the theoretical
foundations of the subject and essentially practical
nature of its realization.
 Understanding through the use of algorithms and
real world examples.
 Provide useful skills through exploring DSP software
and hardware.
Course Assessment

 Your individual grade in the course will be

weighted average of the following
components:
 20% Quizzes + Assignments + Project
 30% 1st + Mid term exams
 50% Final Exam
Course Outline

 Introduction to digital signal processing:

signal, transducers and sensors, different
types of electrical signal, time domain and
frequency domain, analogue and digital data,
what is DSP, applications of DSP.
 Conversion of analogue to digital signal:
Binary representation of a number, sampling,
decibel unit, quantization error, aliasing and
anti-aliasing, Niquist frequency criteria,
analogue to digital converter.
Course Outline

 Correlation and Convolution: Linear

systems, Correlation and its application,
convolution and its application, flipping.
 Periodic functions and Fourier synthesis:
periodic functions, time domain and
frequency domain, Fourier series
(constructing a waveform with sine waves,
constructing a waveform with cosine waves,
constructing a waveform with both sine and
cosine) Gibb’s phenomenon, Fourier theory
explained, Fourier transform.
Course Outline

 Discrete Fourier transforms: Fourier

transforms algorithms, Windowing, necessity
of DFT, Orthogonal signals, DFT explained,
calculating the DC value of a signal,
Spectrum analysis, Fast Fourier transforms,
Scaling.
 Windows: Introduction, frequency resolution
and DFT, Spectral leakage and correlation,
Rectangular window, hanning window,
hamming window,. choice of a window.
Course Outline

 Digital filters: Introduction, moving-average

digital filters, digital filter design, IIR filter, cut-
off frequency, band-pass and band-stop
filters, filter structure, higher order filters.
 DSP systems: digital signal processor
architecture, DSP applications, limitations of
DSP.
Recommended Books

 The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital

Signal Processing (Second Edition, by
Steven W. Smith)
 Digital signal processing with computer
application (Second Edition, by Paul A. Lynn
and Wolfgang Fuerst)
 Digital signal processing: A computer based
approach (Sanjit K. Mitra, 2nd edition)
Recommended Books

 Understanding digital signal processing (2nd

Edition by Richard G. Lyons)
What is a signal?

 “Signal” can be defined as anything that

serves to indicate, warn, direct,
commandment, gesture, etc.
 In terms of electronics or electrical
engineering, a signal is an electrical quantity
or effect as current, voltage, or
electromagnetic waves, that can be varied in
such a way to convey information.
What is a signal?

 Keep this thing in your mind that information

is the key concept i.e. signals are always
presumed to represent or convey useful
information.
 Electrical effects that do not convey useful
information are termed “noise”.
 The major measure of signal quantity is
signal-to-noise ratio.
What is a signal?

 Most of the signals do not originate in electrical form.

 In the world around us, signals occur as pressure
disturbances, temperature variations, mechanical
displacements, or as changes in light intensity.
 It is often advantageous to convert signals to electric
voltages or currents so that they may be more easily
processed using electrical and electronic devices.
Transducers

 A transducer is a device that converts one form of

energy into other.
Example:
A thermistor is a transducer that converts heat energy
into a change in resistance.
• Transducers that produce electrical signals in the
areas of measurement and control are called
sensors.
Example:
• Solar cells, accelerometers, hall effect
semiconductors, thermocouples, etc.
Transducers

 Microphones convert pressure variations into

electric voltages but are usually not called
sensors.
 The word “transducer” is a broader term that
includes all energy transformers – even
loudspeakers and motors.
Transducers
Transducers
Transducers
Different types of electrical signals

 An electrical signal that does not change its

amplitude with time, over the duration of its
measurement, is called a direct current (DC)
signal.
Example: The signal measured across a
battery is a DC signal.
 However, amplitudes of most signals that are
encountered in practice do change with time.
Different types of electrical signals

 We can observe what a signal looks like by

plotting its amplitude on the vertical axis (y-
axis) versus time on the horizontal axis (x-
axis).
 If the shape of a corresponding plot happens
to be a sine wave, then the signal is called a
sinusoidal signal.
 If the shape is triangular then the signal is
called triangular signal.
Different types of electrical signals

 One of the most common type of signal that

occur in nature is the sine wave.
 Sine waves are produced, for example, by
musical instruments, people talking, seismic
movements, etc.
 Many signals, including triangular waves and
square waves, can be shown to be
composed of a combination of sine waves.
Different types of electrical signals

 Therefore, sine waves can be considered to be the

building blocks of many other signals.
 The lowest frequency sine wave is known as
fundamental frequency or first harmonic.
 Frequencies that are integer multiple of the
fundamental frequency are known as harmonics.
 The harmonics with a frequency N times that of the
fundamental frequency is known as the Nth
harmonic.
Square wave

 The next slide will show the square wave that

is generated by the summation of three sine
waves.
 A square wave is only made up only of odd
harmonics.
 In this case, the square wave is made up of
first, third, and fifth harmonics.
Square wave
Questions

 a) How many complete cycles, or periods, of the

square wave are shown?
 b) Approximately how many divisions is the
duration?
 c) How many oscillations do you notice on the top
and bottom portions of the square wave?
 d) How many divisions is the rise time of the signal?
Answers

 a) Two
 b) Five
 c) Three
 d) 0.35
Square wave
Sine wave
Questions

 a) How many complete cycles of the sine wave are shown?

 b) If one division on the x-axis corresponds to 1 ms and one
division on y-axis corresponds to 0.1 volt, then
i) What is the period of the sine wave?
ii) What is the frequency?
iii) What is the peak-to-peak amplitude of the sine wave?
 c) What is the average value for one cycle (both alternations) ?
Answers

 a) Two
 b) (i) One cycle corresponds to five divisions
i.e. 5ms. Thus the period is 5ms
(ii) The frequency is 1/T = 1/5 ms = 200
Hz
(iii) approx. 0.35 V.
 c) 0 V.
Triangular wave

 Triangular waves are also created by the

addition of odd harmonics of sine waves
Triangular wave
Triangular wave
Triangular wave
Sawtooth wave

 Sawtooth waves are combination of both odd

and even harmonics of sine waves
Sawtooth wave
What is DSP?