SPEECH & ORAL

COMMUNICATION
ATTY. LORNA TUNGPALAN - LUGOD
 Communication may be defined
as a process concerning exchange
of facts or ideas between persons
holding different positions in an
organization to achieve mutual
harmony. The communication
process is dynamic in nature
rather than a static phenomenon.
 Seven major elements of
communication process:
(1) sender
(2) ideas
(3) encoding
(4) communication channel
(5) receiver
(6) decoding and
(7) feedback.
(1) Sender:

The person who intends to

convey the message with the
intention of passing information
and ideas to others is known as
sender or communicator.
(2) Ideas:

This is the subject matter of the

communication. This may be an
opinion, attitude, feelings,
views, orders, or suggestions.
(3) Encoding:

Since the subject matter of

communication is theoretical and
intangible, its further passing
requires use of certain symbols
such as words, actions or pictures
etc. Conversion of subject matter
into these symbols is the process of
encoding.
(4) Communication Channel:

The person who is interested in

communicating has to choose the
channel for sending the required
information, ideas etc. This
information is transmitted to the
receiver through certain channels
which may be either formal or
informal.
(5) Receiver:

Receiver is the person who

receives the message or for whom
the message is meant for. It is the
receiver who tries to understand
the message in the best possible
manner in achieving the desired
objectives.
(6) Decoding:

The person who receives the

message or symbol from the
communicator tries to convert
the same in such a way so that
he may extract its meaning to his
complete understanding.
(7) Feedback:

Feedback is the process of

ensuring that the receiver has
received the message and
understood in the same sense as
sender meant it.
Essential issues to be aware of in
any communication situation are:

 Content
 Process
 Context
 Content refers to the actual words or
symbols of the message that are known
as language - the spoken and written
words combined into phrases that make
grammatical sense. Importantly, we all
use and interpret the meanings of
words differently, so even simple
messages can be misunderstood. And
many words have different meanings to
confuse the issue even more.
 Process refers to the way the message is delivered
- the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone
of voice, the look in the sender’s eyes, body
language, hand gestures and state of emotions
(anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can
be detected.

 The non - verbals that we use often cause messages

to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we
see more than what we hear. Indeed, we often trust
the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than
verbal behaviors.
 Context refers to the situation or
environment in which your message is
delivered. Important contextual factors
that can subtly influence the
effectiveness of a message include the
physical environment, cultural factors
and developmental factors.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION:

 Know your audience.

 Know your purpose.
 Know your topic.
 Anticipate objections.
 Present a rounded picture.
 Achieve credibility with your audience.
 Follow through on what you say.
 Communicate a little at a time.
 Present information in several ways.
 Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback.
 Use multiple communication techniques.
Environmental factors:

 Communication can be influenced by environmental

factors that have nothing to do with the content of
the message. Some of these factors are: the nature
of the room, how warm it is, smoke, comfort of the
chair, etc., outside distractions, what is going on in
the area, the reputation/credibility of the
speaker/writer, the appearance, style or authority of
the speaker, listener's education, knowledge of the
topic, etc., the language, page layout, design of the
message.
Principles of Effective Persuasion:

 Do not oversell or overstate your case. Make effective use

of understatement.
 Outline the topic you are trying to cover into two parts.
The first part should give broad background information,
while the second part provides a detailed summary.
 Persuasion depends on clarity and simplicity. Avoid the use
of jargon and buzz words.
 Be prepared to back up claims or facts immediately.
 Incorporate major anticipated objections into your program
or presentation.
 Address all relevant aspects of a topic, especially those that
may affect the functioning of an organization.
 Use graphics and audiovisuals appropriately.
 Consider ways to get meaningful input from people.