 Linguistics is study of language.

 Linguistics is concerned with human language

as a universal and recognizable part of
human behavior and of the human abilities.
Raja T. Nasr (1984).
 Linguistics is competence as being a persons
potential to speak a language, and his or her
linguistics performance as the realization
of that potential. Monica Crabtree & Joyce
Powers (1994).
 General Linguistic
 Micro Linguistic
 Macro linguistic
 Generallinguistic generally describes the
concepts and categories of a particular
language or among all language. It also
provides analyzed theory of the language.
Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is
concerned internal view of language itself
(structure of language systems) without
related to other sciences and without related
how to apply it in daily life.
 Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human
language
 Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the
speaker's mind that distinguish meaning
 Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can
be modified
 Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and
fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form
the meanings of sentences
 Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively,
or otherwise) in communicative acts
 Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written,
or signed)
 Applied linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with
application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching.
Macro linguistic is broadest view of language.
It is concerned external view of language itself
with related to other sciences and how to
apply it in daily life.
 Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.
 Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an
individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.
 Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change.
 Language geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages.
 Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of
language.
 Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations
underlying language use.
 Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability.
 Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-
Language Pathology.
 Neurolinguistics, the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and
communication.
 Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems
in animals compared to human language.
Articulatory phonetics refers to
the “aspects of phonetics which
looks at how the sounds of speech
are made with the organs of the
vocal tract” Ogden (2009:173)
Articulatory phonetics can be
seen as divided up into three
areas to describe consonants.
These are voice, place and
manner respectively. Each of
these will now be discussed
separately, although all three
areas combine together in the
production of speech
 1. VOICE
and voiceless sounds. A sound
In English we have both voiced
fits 
into one of these categories according to how the vocal
folds behave when a speech sound is produced.
Voiced: Voiced sounds are sounds that involve vocal fold
vibrations when they are produced. Examples of voiced sounds
are /b,d,v,m/.

Voiceless: Voiceless sounds are sounds that are produced with

no vocal fold vibration. Examples of voiceless sounds in
English are /s,t,p,f/.
 2. PLACE

The
 vocal tract is made up of
different sections, which play a
pivotal role in the production of
speech. These sections are called
articulators and are what make
speech sounds possible. They can
be divided into two types.
The active articulator is the articulator that moves
towards another articulator in the production of a
speech sound. This articulator moves towards
another articulator to form a closure of some type in
the vocal tract (i.e open approximation, close, etc –
define)

The passive articulator is the articulator that remains

stationary in the production of a speech sound.
Often, this is the destination that the active
articulator moves towards (i.e the hard palate).
Bilabial: Bilabial sounds involve the upper and lower lips. In the
production of a bilabial sound, the lips come into contact with
each other to form an effective constriction. In English, /p,b,m/
are bilabial sounds.

Labiodental: Labiodental sounds involve the lower lip (labial)

and upper teeth (dental) coming into contact with each other to
form an effective constriction in the vocal tract. Examples of
labiodental sounds in English are /f,v/. Labiodental sounds can
be divided into two types.

a) Endolabial: sounds produced where the upper teeth are

pressed against the inside of the lower lip.

b) Exolabial: sounds produced where the upper teeth are pressed

against the outer side of the lower lip.
Dental: Dental sounds involve the tongue tip (active
articulator) making contact with the upper teeth to form a
constriction. Examples of Dental sounds in English are / θ, ð/.
If a sound is produced where the tongue is between the upper
and lower teeth, it is attributed the term ‘interdental’.

Alveolar: First of all, before I explain what an alveolar sound is,

it’s useful to locate the alveolar ridge itself. If you place your
tongue just behind your teeth and move it around, you’ll feel a
bony sort of ridge. This is known as the alveolar ridge. Alveolar
sounds involve the front portion of the tongue making contact
with the alveolar ridge to form an effective constriction in the
vocal tract. Examples of alveolar sounds in English are
/t,d,n,l,s/.
Velar: Velar sounds are made when the
back of the tongue (tongue dorsum) raises
towards the soft palate, which is located at
the back of the roof of the mouth. This soft
palate is known as the velum. An effective
constriction is then formed when these two
articulators come into contact with each
other. Examples of velar sounds in English
are /k,g ŋ /.
Articulatory phonetics refers
to the ‘aspects of phonetics
which looks at how the
sounds of speech are made
with the organs of the vocal
tract” Ogden (2009:173)
• Articulatory phonetics can
be seen as devided up into
three areas to describe
consonants.
• These are: Voice, place and
manner respectively.
• Each of these will now be
discussed separately,
although all three areas
combine together in the
production of speech.
• we have concentrated on
describing consonant sounds
in terms of where they are
articulated. We can also How do they differ? They
describe the same sounds in differ in their manner of
terms of how they are articulation, that is, in the
articulated. way they are pronounced.
• Such a description is The [t] sound is one of a set
necessary if we want to be of sounds called stops and
able to differentiate between the [s] sound is one of a set
some sounds which we have called fricatives.
placed in the same category.
• For example, we can say that
[t] and [s] are both voiceless
alveolar sounds.
 Nasal

Stop

Fricative

Affricate

Approximant

Lateral
 There are three nasal consonants in
English :
Nasal consonants
are created when • /m/ – “mad” and “clam” – oral
you completely passage is blocked by closing
block air flow the lips (bilabial).
through your mouth • /n/ – “no” and “man‘ – oral
and let the air pass passage is blocked by pressing
through your nose. tongue tip against the alveolar
ridge (alveolar).
• /ŋ/ – “going” and “funk” – Oral
passage is blocked by pressing
the the back of your tongue
against the soft palate (velar).
Like nasal consonants, stop
consonants occur when the
vocal tract is closed
completely. But for stops
the airflow is NOT
redirected through the nose.
Instead, the air quickly
builds up pressure behind
the articulators and then
releases in a burst.
English contains the following stop consonants :
• /p/ – purse and rap – oral passage is blocked by
closing the lips (bilabial).
• /b/ – “back” and “cab” – oral passage is blocked
by closing the lips (bilabial).
• /t/ – “tab” and “rat” – oral passage is blocked by
pressing the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge
(alveolar)
• /d/ – “dip” and “bad” – oral passage is blocked by
pressing the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge
(alveolar)
• /k/ – “kite” and “back” – block airflow with the
back of the tongue against the soft palate (velar).
• /g/ – “good” and “bug” – block airflow with the
back of the tongue against the soft palate (velar).
While nasal and stop For example, you create a
consonants involve a /t/ stop consonant when
complete blockage of the you block airflow
vocal tract, fricative completely with your
sounds involve only a tongue against the alveolar
partial blockage of the ridge. But if you let up with
vocal tract so that air has to the tongue a bit and let the
be forced through a narrow air seep through, you make
channel. an /s/ fricative consonant.
The English fricative sounds are as follows :
• /f/ – “fro” and “calf“- air is forced through the upper teeth and
lower lip (labiodental)
• /v/ – “vine” and “have” – air is forced through the upper teeth and
lower lip (labiodental)
• /θ/ – “thick” and “bath” – air is forced through upper teeth and
tongue (dental)
• /ð/ – “the” and “rather” – air is forced through upper teeth and
tongue (dental)
• /s/ – “suit” and “bus” – air is forced through tongue and alveolar
ridge (alveolar)
• /z/ – “zit” and “jazz” – air is forced through tongue and alveolar
ridge (alveolar)
• /ʃ/ – “shot” and “brash” – air is forced through the tongue and point
just beyond alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)
• /ʒ/ – “vision” and “measure” – air is forced through the tongue and
point just beyond alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)
• /h/ – “happy” and “hope” – actually /h/ isn’t a fricative. It’s
technically not even a real consonant sound since there’s no
constriction/obstruction of airflow.
When stop consonants
The English affricate sounds
mix with fricative
are:
consonants, the result is
an affricate consonant.
• /tʃ/ – “chick” and “match” –
Affricate consonants
air is blocked with tongue
start as stop sounds
just beyond the alveolar
with air building up
ridge (post-alveolar), then
behind an articulator
released as a fricative.
which then releases
• /dʒ/ – “jam” and “badge” –
through a narrow
air is blocked with tongue
channel as a fricative
just beyond the alveolar
(instead of a clean burst
ridge (post-alveolar), then
as stops do).
released as a fricative.
The resulting sound is
more like a fast vowel There are three English
Approximants approximants:
than anything else. are when two
For example, the /w/ • /w/ – “wet” and “howard” –
articulators back of tongue raises to velum
approximant is like a come close
fast /u/ sound (say /u/ (but not too close!) and lips are
together but rounded (velar)
+ /aɪ/ really fast and not quite
you get the word • /j/ – “yes” and “bayou” –
close enough tongue raises to hard palate (but
“why”). Notice how to create air
your tongue never not too close!) (palatal)
turbulence. • /ɹ/ – “right” and “roar” – tongue
actually comes in
contact with the top of raises to hard palate (but not too
your mouth. close) (alveolar/post-alveolar)
Lateral consonants are There is one lateral
when the tongue consonant in English
blocks the the middle
of your mouth so that • /l/ – “luck”- place the
air has to pass around tip of the tongue at
the sides. You create the alveolar ridge
this when you (alveolar)
There are two complementary definitions of vowel, one phonetic and the
other phonological.
• In the phonetic definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the English "ah"
/ɑː/ or "oh" /oʊ/, produced with an open vocal tract; it is median
(the air escapes along the middle of the tongue), oral (at least some
of the airflow must escape through the mouth), frictionless and
continuant. There is no significant build-up of air pressure at any point
above the glottis.
• In the phonological definition, a vowel is defined as syllabic, the
sound that forms the peak of a syllable. A phonetically equivalent but
non-syllabic sound is a semivowel. In oral languages, phonetic vowels
normally form the peak (nucleus) of many or all syllables, whereas
consonants form the onset and (in languages that have them) coda
This conception of vowel articulation
a. Height
Vowel height is named for the vertical position of the tongue relative to
either the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the jaw.
The International Phonetic Alphabet defines seven degrees of vowel
height, but no language is known to distinguish all of them without
distinguishing another attribute:
• close (high)
• near-close (near-high)
• close-mid (high-mid)
• mid (true-mid)
• open-mid (low-mid)
• near-open (near-low)
• open (low)
 b.Backness
Idealistic tongue positions of cardinal front vowels with highest point
indicated.
Vowel backness is named for the position of the tongue during the
articulation of a vowel relative to the back of the mouth. The
International Phonetic Alphabet defines five degrees of vowel backness:
• Front
• near-front
• central
• near-back
• back
 c. Roundedness
Roundedness is named after the rounding of the lips in some
vowels. Because lip rounding is easily visible, vowels may be
commonly identified as rounded based on the articulation of the
lips.
a. English pure vowels ( Monophtongs)
A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at
both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not
glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.

• Short vowel monophthongs

Most of the monophthongs in English are commonly known as
“short vowels,” which are usually produced when a vowel is
followed by one or more consonants in a syllable.
Most vowel letters have a specific short-vowel sound, though U can
create two types of short-vowel sounds. The semi-vowel Y can also
create a short vowel sound, but it is the same as the letter I.
Vowel Letter IPA Symbol Example Words
Aa /æ/ apple (/ˈæpəl/)

Ee /ɛ/ met (/mɛt/)

II /ɪ/ strip (/strɪp/)

Oo /ɑ/ hot (/hɑt/)

Uu /ʌ/ hug (/hʌg/)

Uu /ʊ/ full (/fʊl/)

Yy /ɪ/ system (/ˈsɪstəm/)

• Long vowel monophthongs
Most of the traditional “long vowels” (vowel sounds that
approximate the name of their corresponding vowel letters) are
diphthongs, so we’ll look at those further on.
One traditional long vowel that is a monophthong, though, is “long
E,” represented in IPA by /i/. This sound is usually produced by the
letter E, but it can also be formed by the letter Y, as well as a
number of vowel digraphs. For example:
• me (/it/)
• concrete (/ˈkɑnkrit/)
• happy (/ˈhæpi/)
• friendly (/ˈfrɛndli/)
• feel (/fil/)
• eat (/it/)
• categories (/ˈkætɪˌgɔriz/)
b. diphthongs
The word “diphthong” comes from the Greek and means
“two voice” or “two sound”. In phonetics, a diphthong is a
vowel in which there is a noticeable sound change within
in the same syllable.
There are eight vowel sounds in American English that
are generally agreed upon as being diphthongs.
• /ɔɪ/
This diphthong is pronounced “au-ee,” and it occurs in in the vowel
digraphs OY and OI. For example: boy (/bɔɪ/), coin (/kɔɪn/)
• /aʊ/
This diphthong is pronounced “ah-oo,” and it occurs with the digraphs
OU and OW. For example: found (/faʊnd/), town (/taʊn/)

• /aɪ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to "eye" and most often
occurs with letter combinations that include /i/, /igh/, and /y.
Examples: crime, like, lime

• /eɪ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “great” and is most

often used with letter combinations that include /ey/, /ay/, /ai/
and /a/. Examples: break, rain, weight
• /əʊ/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “boat” and most
often occurs with letter combinations that include /ow/, /oa/ and
/o/. Examples: slow, moan, though. Examples: brown, hound, now

• /eə/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “air” and most often
occurs with letter combinations that include /ai/, /a/, and /ea/.
Examples: lair, stair, bear

• /ɪə/ This diphthong creates sounds similar to “ear” and most often
occurs with letter combinations that include /ee/, /ie/ and /ea/.
Examples: beer, near, pier

• /ʊə/This diphthong creates sounds similar to “sure” and most

occurs with letter combinations that include /oo/, /ou/, /u/, and
/ue/. Examples: lure, pure, fur
c. triphthong
Very rarely, a single syllable may contain three vowel sounds that
quickly glide together; this compound vowel sound is known as a
triphthong (pronounced /ˈtrɪf θɔŋ/).

There are three triphthongs that are generally agreed upon in

American English: /aʊə/ (“ah-oo-uh”), /aɪə/ (“ah-ih-uh”), and
/jʊə/ (“ee-oo-uh”). We’ll briefly look at each here, but you can
find out more about them in the full section on Triphthongs.
• /aʊə/
This triphthong is pronounced “ah-oo-uh,” and it occurs when the
digraph OU is followed by an R. For example: our (/aʊər/), hour
(/aʊər/; H is silent), flour (/flaʊər/), sour (/saʊər/)

• /aɪə/
This triphthong is pronounced “ah-ih-uh,” and it occurs with the letter
combination IRE. For example: fire (/faɪər/), dire (/daɪər/), inspire
(/ɪnˈspaɪər/), Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/)

• /jʊə/
This triphthong is pronounced “ee-oo-uh,” and it sometimes occurs when
the combination UR comes after a hard consonant and is followed by
an E, Y, or I. For example: cure (/kjʊər/), pure (/pjʊər/), fury
(/ˈfjʊəri/), curious (/ˈkjʊər.iəs/)
 SUPRA-
SEGMENTAL:
STRESS AND
INTONATION
IN ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
WHAT IS SUPRA-
SEGMENTAL?
In speech, supra-
segmental refers
to a phonological property of
more than one sound segment.
Suprasegmentals are often
regarded as the "musical"
aspects of speech.
 SUPRA-SEGMENTAL ELEMENTS

STRESS

TONES
INTONATION

PROMINENCE SYLLABICATIO
N

RHYTM
 STRESS
Stress or accent is relative
emphasis or prominence
given to a certain syllable in a
word, or to a certain word in a
phrase or sentence
1. STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDS
THE NATURE OF STRESS
A stressed syllable in
transcription by placing a
small vertical line ' high up, just
before the syllables it relates
to.
/ˈfɑːðər/
/pəˈteɪtoʊ/
/əˈbaʊt/
 4 FACTORS OF STRESS

LOUDNES LENGTH PITCH QUALITY

S
The strongest effect is by pitch, and length is also a powerful
factor.
Loudness and quality have much less effect.
 [ˈ] [ˌ]

PRIMAR SECONDAR
UNSTRESSED
Y Y
SYLLABLES
STRESS STRESS
LEVEL enter refuse the
S OF /ˈentər/ /ˌriːˈfjuːz /ðiː/
/
STRES
S
 PLACEMENT OF STRESS WITHIN A WORD

Two-Syllable Words Three-Syllable Words

Either the first or the second syllable Verb, noun and adjective
will be stressed – not both. have different rules.
Verb
apply /əˈplaɪ/ Two- Three- encounter/ɪnˈkaʊntə
open Syllable Syllable r/
/ˈoʊpən entertain
/ A Words Words
B /ˌɛntərˈteɪn/
Noun
potato/pəˈteɪˌtəʊ/
cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
Adjective
potato
/pəˈteɪˌtəʊ
cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
/
2. COMPLEX WORD STRESS
 COMPLEX WORD STRESS
3. PREFIXES 5. VARIABLE STRESS
1. AFFIXES
stress in words with bad-‘tempered
‘personality’ /ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪti/ prefixes is governed by
the same rules as those →
‘unpleasant’ /ʌnˈplɛznt/ a ‘bad-tempered
for words without prefixes.
‘magnetic’ /mægˈnɛtɪk/ ‘teacher

2 4 6

1 3 5
2. SUFFIXES 6. WORD-CLASS
4. COMPOUND PAIRS
‘abstract’
‘entertain’ /ˌɛntərˈteɪn/ WORDS
‘typewriter’ /ˈtaɪpˌraɪtə/ /ˈæbstrækt/ (A)
/æbˈstrækt/ (V)
‘wonderful’ /ˈwʌndəfʊl/ bad-‘tempered ‘conduct’
five-‘finger /ˈkɒndʌkt/ (N) /kənˈdʌkt/ (V)
‘perfection’ /pəˈfɛkʃən/ ‘present’
/ˈprɛznt/ (A/N) /prɪˈzɛnt/ (V)
is variation in spoken pitch when used, not for
distinguishing words as sememes (a concept
known as tone), but, rather, for a range of other
functions such as indicating the attitudes and
emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference
between statements and questions, and between
different types of questions, focusing attention on
important elements of the spoken message and
also helping to regulate conversational
interaction.
 INTONATION
is variation in spoken pitch when used,
not for distinguishing words
as sememes (a concept known as tone),
but, rather, for a range of other functions
such as indicating the attitudes and
emotions of the speaker, signalling the
difference between statements and
questions, and between different types
of questions, focusing attention on
important elements of the spoken
message and also helping to regulate
conversational interaction.
 INTONATION PATTERN
01
Rising
Intonation
means the
02 pitch of the
Falling voice rises over
Intonation
means that the time.
03 pitch falls with
Dipping time.
or Fall-rise Example :
04 Intonation falls He found it on the street?
Peaking [ hiː ˈfaʊnd ɪt | ɒn ðə
and then rises ↗︎ˈˈstɹiːt ‖ ]
or Rise-fall Yes, he found it on the street.
[↘︎ˈjɛs ‖ hi ˈfaʊnd ɪt | ɒn ðə
Intonation rises ↘︎ˈstɹiːt ‖ ]
and then falls How did you ever
escape?
[↗︎ˈˈhaʊ dɪdjuː | ˈɛvɚ |
ə↘︎ˈˈskeɪp ‖ ]
 FUNCTION OF INTONATION
2. Grammatical function
(to identify grammatical
structure)
3. Focusing
(to show what information
in the utterance is new and
what is already known)
1. Attitudinal
function
(for 4. Discourse function
expressing (to show how clauses and
emotions sentences go together in
and spoken discourse)
attitudes) 5. Psychological function
(to organize speech into
units that are easy to
perceive, memorize and
perform)
6. Indexical function
(to act as a marker of
personal or social identity)
 •AND
VOICELESS
VOICED
 VOICED

VOICELESS
 WHAT IS VOICED?

Voiced consonants are consonant sounds that are

made by vibrating the vocal chord.
 THESE ARE THE VOICED SOUND

/d/ /g/ /v/

/b/

/ჳ/
/ ð/ /z/ /dჳ/
EXAMPLE
 WHAT IS VOICELESS?

Voiceless consonants do not use the vocal cords

to produce their hard, percussive sounds.
Instead, they're slack, allowing air to flow freely
from the lungs to the mouth, where the tongue,
teeth, and lips engage to modulate the sound.
 THESE ARE THE VOICELESS SOUND

/s/ / t/ / k/ /θ/

/f/ /tʃ / /ʃ/

EXAMPLE
Consonant
and
Vowels
Charts
Definition of Consonants and
Vowels in English

Vowels are sounds produced with a relatively open

vocal
channel configuration or Vowels are speech sounds
made
with your mouth open enough, the essence of the
syllables spoken.

Vowels are most often identified as non-consonantal

letters. More specifically, vowels are sounds that when
paired with consonants make syllables.

Vowels are any sounds made by letters that are not

consonant sounds.
There are five English vowels,
• A, E, I, O, U.

Sometimes, Y can also function as a vocal, but

is not considered a vocal in itself.

Example Vowels in Words:

1. Cat
• "a" is the vowel in this word
2. Walk
• "e" and "e" are the vowels in this word
3. Too late
• "a" and "e" are the vowels in this word
Consonants are sounds that are
made with your mouth closed
enough.
Vowels and Consonants

Vowels and consonants are two different sounds.

Consonants are most often identified as non-vowel
letters. Consonants require more precise articulation
than vowels.

Consonants and vowels don't make syllables

themselves. Vowels that are paired with consonants
produce syllables.
There are about 20 vowels and
24 consonants

Examples of Consonants in
words:

1. Trash can
• "b" and "n" are consonants in
this word
2. Stool
• "s," "t," and "l" are consonants
in this word
3. Chair
• "c," "h," and "r" are
consonants in this word
1. How
consonants • pausing then releasing air
are produced ("p", "b", "t", "d", "k", "g"),

• diverts airflow and related resonances

Uttering to your nose ("m", "n", "ng"),
consonant
• squeezing air through narrow spaces
sounds involves ("th" as in "thin", "th" as in "then", "f", "v", "s",
blocking the flow "z", "sh", "zh" as in "vision", "h", and in luxury
dialect, "wh"),
of air in various
locations in your • concatenate stops then squeezes ("ch", "j"), or
mouth. • narrow the vocal channels ("w", "y", "r", "l").
Vowel-like consonants – approximations

The last four consonant sounds listed above - "y", "w",

"r", "l" - are produced with less mouth constriction than
other consonants, and in linguistics they are called
"approximations".

There is very little difference between the sound of the

consonant "y" and the vowel "ee" as in "see / sea / me",
and between the consonant sound "w" and the vowel
sound "ooh" as in "moon / rule / grow".
 Some consonants are produced
using your voice ("b", "d", "g", "m",
"n", "ng", "th" as in "then", "v", "z",
"zh "as in" vision "," j "," y ", " w "," r
"," l ") and the rest are muted (" p ", "
2. Voice t "," k "," k "," th “as in" thin "," f "," s ",
consonants and " sh "," ch "," h ").
voiceless
Most consonants have neat
soundless pairs - "p / b", "t / d", "k /
g", "th in the thin / th form as at the
time", "f / v", "s / z "," Sh / zh as in
vision ", and" ch / j ".
 1. Tree
• one syllable
• two consonants "t" and "r" "w" and two
vowels "e" and "e"
3. Form
Syllables 2. Holy
• two syllables
• "ho": one consonant "h" plus one vowel "o"
Syllables are sound • "ly": one consonant "l" plus one vowel "y"

units that create 3. Example

meaning in • three syllables
• "ex": one vowel "e" plus one consonant "x“
language. Vowels • "am": one vowel "a" plus one consonant "m"
alone don't make • "ple": two consonants "p" and "l" plus one vowel "e"

syllables. Instead, 4. Lake

they pair up with • one syllable
• two "l" "k" consonants plus one two vowels "a" and "e"
consonants to
create what we
know as syllables.
D. Literary Devices Using Vowels

Vocals are used to make a literary device

called assonance. Assonance is the repetition
of vowels in the closest words.
Assonance is often used in poetry when
writers use sound to create meaning.

It is important to note that assonance is not

rhyme.

Examples of Assonance:
1. A green tree is bleeding from its sap
• repetition of the long "e" in the words "green,"
"tree," and "bloody" creates assonance.
"VOICELESS ALVEOLAR
STOP CONSONANT“
 Type of
Consonantal an
Alveolar
 Stop
Common Alveolar
Sound
Sound Consonants

Distinguished Vowel
Sound, made with the tongue in contact with the alveolar
ridge located just behind the teeth (hence alveolar), held
tightly enough to block the passage of air (hence a stop
consonant).

The most common sounds are the stops [t] and [d], as in English toe
and doe, and the voiced nasal [n]. The 2-D finite element mode of
the front part of the midsagittal tongue can stimulate the air
pressed release of an alveolar stop.

Alveolar consonants in children's productions have generally been

demonstrated to undergo smaller vowel-related coarticulatory
effects than labial and velar consonants, thus yielding consonant-
specific patterns similar to those observed in adults.
 The upcoming vowel target is adjusted to demand
force and effort during the coarticulating process.

several kinds are distinguished:

[t] [n]
[d]
voiceless alveolar voiced alveolar nasal
stop voiced alveolar stop

[ɗ̥ ] or [tʼ↓]
[ɗ ] [n̥]
voiceless alveolar [tʼ]
voiced alveolar voiceless alveolar
implosive (very alveolar ejective
implosive nasal
rare)
 Alveolar consonant can
A Dental consonant can
be transcribed with the
be transcribed with the
combining equals sign
combining bridge below
below ⟨◌͇⟩, as with ⟨t͇⟩ for
⟨t̪⟩.
the voiceless alveolar stop.

and a Postalveolar
consonant with the
retraction diacritic, the
combining minus sign
below ⟨t̠⟩.
The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar stops
are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all
spoken languages. The symbol in the International
Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental,
alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the
equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop
can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic,
⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and
the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline
diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an
alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-
linguistically;[1] the most common consonant
phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k]
and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t],
and some distinguish more than one variety.
Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian
(except for Niʻihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless
velar stop [k] for loanwords with [t]), colloquial
Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and
Nǁng of South Africa.[citation needed]
 Features of the
Voiceless
Alveolar Stop:
Its phonation is The
voiceless, which It is an oral It is a central airstream
means it is consonant, which consonant, which mechanism
produced without means air is means it is
vibrations of the allowed to escape produced by is pulmonic,
vocal cords. In through the directing the which
some languages mouth only. airstream along the means it is
the vocal cords center of the
tongue, rather than articulated
are actively to the sides. by pushing
separated, so it is
always voiceless; air solely
in others the with the
cords are lax, so lungs and
that it may take diaphragm,
on the voicing of as in most
adjacent sounds.
sounds.
Three specific variants of [t]:
Dental, which means it is articulated


with either the tip or the blade of the
tongue at the upper teeth, termed
respectively apical and laminal.

Denti-alveolar, which means it is

articulated with the blade of the
tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the
tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.

Alveolar, which means it is articulated

with either the tip or the blade of the
tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed
respectively apical and laminal.