DYNAMICS

DYNAMICS
TWO BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS

KINEMATICS
• Study of geometry of motion and
is used to relate displacement,
velocity, acceleration and time

KINETICS
• Study of the relation existing
between the forces acting on the
body, mass of the body, and the
motion of the body. It is used to
predict the motion caused by the
given forces or to determine the
forces required to produce given
motion
DYNAMICS
Types of Plane Motion
• Translation
• If at least two points on the body move in the same
direction during motion but maintains its initial
orientation
– Rectilinear Translation
– Curvilinear Translation
• Rotation
• If at least two point on the body move in concentric
circles about a fixed point called center of rotation
DYNAMICS
Types of Plane Motion
• General Plane of Motion
– Combination of Translation and rotation (but
these two motions occur simultaneously)
DYNAMICS
Kinematics
Quantity Notation Vector/ Scalar S.I. Unit English Unit

Distance ∆s; ∆r; ∆x; ∆y Scalar m ft

Position S, r, x, y Vector m ft

Displacement ∆s; ∆r; ∆x; ∆y Vector m ft

Velocity v Vector m/s ft/s

Acceleration a Vector m/s² ft/s²

Time t Scalar s s
DYNAMICS
Kinematics
• Velocity- rate of displacement in a given interval of
time
𝚫𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝒗= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = instantaneous velocity
𝚫𝒕→𝟎 𝚫𝒕 𝒅𝒕

• Acceleration- rate of which velocity changes in a

given interval of time
𝚫𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅²𝒔
𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = instantaneous velocity
𝚫𝒕→𝟎 𝚫𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation
A. Rectilinear Translation
Case 1: constant velocity (Uniform rectilinear motion)
Case 2: constant acceleration (uniformly accelerated rectilinear
motion)
i. Horizontal Motion
Constant Velocity Constant Acceleration
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation
A. Rectilinear Translation
ii. Vertical Motion

𝑣2 = v02 ± 2 ay
𝑣 = v0 ± at
y = v0t ± 1Τ2 at2
Note: Use + if going down and - if going up
If acceleration is not given, g= 9.81 m/s² = 32.2 ft/s²
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
1. An automobile moving at a constant velocity of a 15 m/s
passes a gasoline station. Two seconds later, another
automobile leaves the gasoline station and accelerates at a
constant rate of 2 m/s². How soon will the second
automobile overtake the first?
t1= t2+2 v1= 15m/s Overtaking Point
a1= 0

S1
t2
v2 = 0
a2= 2m/𝑠 2
S2
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
1.
Solution: Equating Equation 1 & 2:
*S1= S0 + v1t1 S1 = S 2
S1= 0+v1t1
15t2+30 = t22
S1= 15 (t2+2)
t22-15t2-30 = 0
S1= 15t2+30 (1)

1 By quadratic formula:
*S2= S0 + v2t2 + 2at22
1 15± −15)2−4(1)(−30
S2= 0+ 0(t2)+ 2 (2)t22 t2= 2(1)
S2= t22 (2) 15±18.574
t2= 2
Taking positive (+) sign:
15+18.574
t2= 2
t2=16.8 s
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples v2 = 0
2. A ball is thrown vertically upward
from the ground and a student
gazing out of the window sees it h
moving upward pass him at 5 m/s. v1= 5m/s
The window is 10 m above the
ground. How high does the ball go H
above the ground?
10m

v0 = ?
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples v2 = 0
2.
Solution:
*v22 = v12-2gh h
v1= 5m/s
0= (5) 2-2(9.81)h
h= 1.27 m

*H = 10 + h H
H = 10 + 1.27
H = 11.27 m 10m

v0 = ?
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation
B.
• The velocity and acceleration (vector quantities)
of a particle at any instant t traversing its path can
be expressed in the following components

– Rectangular components
– Normal and Tangential components
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation- Curvilinear Motion
Rectangular Components- select a reference system x & y axes in order to
define the position vector of the particle

Projectile Motion
• Projectile- refers to the motion of a particle
• Trajectory- refers to the parabolic path of the particle motion
• Range- maximum distance between the initial and final positions along
the horizontal axis
• Peak- maximum elevation the particle can reach along the vertical axis
• Initial velocity, v0- muzzle velocity or firing velocity
• Firing angle, ∝- angle made by the initial velocity with the x-axis
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation- Curvilinear Motion
Properties of Projectile Motion
– Uniform velocity along x-axis
– Uniform acceleration along y-axis
• a= -g
Where: g= 9.81 m/s²= 32.2 ft/s²
– Vy at peak is zero
– Symmetry
• At same elevation
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation- Curvilinear Motion
Properties of Projectile Motion
– Range, xmax or R:

– Maximum height, ymax or H:

 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
If the initial point of the projectile is not on the same
elevation as the point of impact, the following formulas
may be used:

𝑔𝑥2
y= xtan𝜃 -
2𝑣02(cosθ)2
2𝑣02sinθcos(θ±𝛽)
R=
𝑔(cos𝛽)2
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Comparison between Rectilinear and Curvilinear Motion

Case 1. Constant Velocity Motion along Horizontal Axis

Case 2. Constant acceleration Motion along Vertical Axis

 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Translation- Curvilinear Motion
Normal and Tangential Components
– The velocity vector of a particle is tangent to the path of
the particle and always points towards the direction of
motion
– The acceleration vector has two components
• Tangential Acceleration
• Normal Acceleration
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Relative Motion
Position Velocity

Acceleration
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
3. A projectile leaves a velocity
of 50 m/s at an angle of 30˚ with
the horizontal. Find the
maximum height that it could
reach.

𝑣0= 50 m/s
H

30˚
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
3.
Let H -> maximum height
Solution:
𝑣02(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
*H= 𝑣0= 50 m/s
2𝑔
2 2
H
(50𝑚/𝑠) (𝑠𝑖𝑛30˚)
H= 30˚
2 (9.81𝑚/𝑠2)

H= 31.86 m
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
4. A plane dropped a bomb at an
𝑣0= 300 km/hr
elevation of 1000 m from the
ground intended to hit the target
at an elevation of 200 m from the
ground. If the plane was flying at
a velocity of 300 km/hr, at what y= 800m h2=1000m
distance from the target must
the bomb be dropped to hit the
target. Wind velocity and
x
atmospheric pressure to be h1=200m
disregarded.
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
4.
Solution: 𝑣0= 300 km/hr
1000 𝑚 1ℎ𝑟
* v0 = 300 km/hr X X
1𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠

v0 = 83.33 m/s
y= 800m
𝑔𝑥2
*y= xtan𝜃 -
2𝑣02(cosθ)2
(9.81𝑚/𝑠2)𝑥2
-800m= xtan0˚ - 2 (83.33𝑚/𝑠)2(cos0˚)2
x
X= 1064.21 m

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: You may use 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐕𝐄 function of your calculator

 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
5. A cyclist on a circular track of ar Top view
radius r=800 ft. is traveling at 27
ft/s. His speed in the tangential
direction increases at the rate of a
3 ft/s2. What is the cyclist’s total at
acceleration?
𝑟
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
5.
ar Top view
Solution:
𝑊𝑣2 𝑣2
*Fc = *ar =
𝑔𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑚𝑔𝑣 a
Fc = (27𝑓𝑡/𝑠)2
𝑔𝑟2 ar =
𝑚𝑣
Fc = = 𝑚ar
800 𝑓𝑡 at
𝑟 ar = 0.911 ft/s2
𝑟

*a2 = ar 2+ at2
a2 = (0.911 ft/s2)2 + (3 ft/s2) 2
a = 3.14 ft/s2
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Rotation
𝜃 = angular displacement Relationship between linear and
(radians or degrees) and angular quantities:
𝜔 = angular velocity v = r𝜔
(rad/s or rpm) at = r ∝
∝ = angular acceleration (rad/s²) an = r 𝜔²
t = time
Uniform Rotation Uniformly Accelerated Rotation
𝜔 = 𝜔0 = constant ∝ = constant
∝=0 𝜃 = 𝜃 0 + 𝜔0t + 1Τ2 ∝t²
𝜃 = 𝜃 0 + 𝜔 0t 𝜔 = 𝜔0 + ∝t
𝜔² = 𝜔0² + 2 ∝ ∆𝜃
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
6. A turbine started from rest Solution:
to 180 rpm in 6 minutes at a *𝜔 = 𝜔0+ 𝛼𝑡
constant acceleration. Find
180 rpm= 0 + 𝛼 (6𝑚𝑖𝑛)
the number of revolutions
𝑟𝑒𝑣
that it makes within the 𝛼 = 30
𝑚𝑖𝑛2
elapsed time.
∗ 𝜔2= 𝜔02 + 2 𝛼𝜃
𝑟𝑒𝑣
(180rpm)2= (0)2 +2 (30 )𝜃
𝑚𝑖𝑛2
𝜃= 540 rev
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
I. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle will have
an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant and in the
direction of this resultant force.

σ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
where:
σ 𝐹 → sum of all forces acting on a particle
𝑎 → absolute acceleration
𝑚 → mass
Units:
• SI F= 1N =(1kg)*(m/s²)
• English F= 1 lbf (pound force)= (1 lbm)*(1ft/s²)
mass: 1 slug (lbf- sec²/ft)= 14. 594 kg
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
I. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• Rectilinear Motion
෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

• Curvilinear Motion
• Rectangular Components
෍ FX = 𝑚𝑎X ෍ Fy = 𝑚𝑎y

• Tangential and Normal Components

𝑑𝑣
σ Ft = 𝑚𝑎t = 𝑚 ( )
𝑑𝑡

𝑣²
σ Fn = 𝑚𝑎n = 𝑚 ( )= 𝑚𝑟𝜔²
𝑟
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples Position after 3s
7. A body weighing 40 lbs
Position after 2s
starts from rest and slides
down a plane at an angle of
+a
30˚ with the horizontal for W
which the coefficient of REF
friction 𝜇 = 0.30. How far
will it move during the third
F N
second? 30˚

Note: REF means reverse effective force

 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
7.
Let v -> velocity after 2 seconds
Solution: S -> distance traveled in the third
• σ𝐹 = 0 second with reference from
the position at the end of 2
Wsin𝜃 = REF + F seconds.
𝑊𝑎
Wsin𝜃 = +𝜇N
𝑔 v= v0 + at
Wsin𝜃 =
𝑊𝑎
+𝜇(Wcos𝜃) v=0 + 7.734 (2)
𝑔 v= 15.468 ft/s
𝑎
sin 30˚= + 0.3 cos 30˚
32.2 1
S= vt + 2at²
a = 7.734 ft/s²
1
S= (15.468)(1) + (7.734)(1) ²
2
S= 19.33 ft.
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY
• WORK OF A FORCE
- Particle moving from pt. A to pt. A’
• dr = displacement of the particle
• ds = magnitude of the displacement dr
• F = force acting on a particle with magnitude F and makes an angle ∝ wrt dr
WORK:

Work= force X distance

Units:
1 N.m = 1 Joule (J)
ft.lb = 1.356 J
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY
• PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY
The work of a force F is equal to the change in Kinetic
Energy of the particle

Where:
m -> mass
v -> velocity
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY

• POTENTIAL ENERGY- when the work done of a force is

independent of the path followed, the force is said to be a
CONSERVATIVE FORCE, and its work is equal to negative
change in Potential Energy associated with F

U1-2 = (V1- V2) = -∆V

 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY
FORCE WORK POTENTIAL ENERGY

Force (in general) U1-2 = ‫𝑠𝑑 ∝ 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝐹 ׬‬

Frictional Force U1-2 = F cos ∝ (s2-s1)

Force of Gravity U1-2 = -W (y2-y1) Vg= Wy

Gravitational Force U1-2= GMm/r²- GMm/r² Vg= - G (Mm)/r

Spring U1-2= - 1Τ2 𝑘 x22−x12 Vs= 1Τ2 𝑘x²

Moment U1-2= ± M∆𝜃

 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
8. A force of 200 lbf acts on a
block at an angle of 28˚ with
respect to horizontal. The
block is pushed 2 feet
horizontally. What is the
work done by this force?
F
28˚

S
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
8. F
Solution: 28˚ Fx
W= Fx = F cos𝜃(S) 28˚
W= 200cos28˚(2) Fy
W= 353.179 lb-ft
S

1𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
W= 353.179 lb-ft ( )( )(9.81m/𝑠 2 )
2.205𝑙𝑏 3.281𝑓𝑡
W= 478.90 N-m
W ≈ 479 J
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

• Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of

a body. Momentum is vector quantity.
p = mv

Where:
m -> mass
v -> velocity
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

• Impulse is the product of the force and the time during which it
acts. Impulse is equal to the change in momentum.
Impulse= F∆𝑡
Impulse= 𝑝2 -𝑝1
Impulse= m𝑣𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 - m𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Where:
F -> Force
∆𝑡 -> change in time
𝑝2 ->final momentum
𝑝1 -> initial momentum
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

• Impact Equations
(𝑣A)t= (𝑣A′)t Along the t-axis: component of velocity of
(𝑣B)t= (𝑣B′)t each particle remains unchanged

𝑚A(𝑣A)n+ 𝑚B(𝑣B)n =𝑚A(𝑣A′)n + 𝑚B(𝑣B′)n

Along n-axis: total momentum is
conserved (conservation of momentum)
(𝑣B′)n−(𝑣A′)n
e= Along n-axis: Coefficient of Restitution
𝑣A n−(𝑣𝐵)n
 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

• TWO SPECIAL CASES OF IMPACT

(𝑣𝐵)′n= (𝑣A′)n= 𝑣‘ Perfectly Plastic or inelastic, e=0

𝑚A(𝑣A)n+ 𝑚B(𝑣B)n =(𝑚A + 𝑚B)𝑣’

(𝑣𝐵)′n= (𝑣A′)n= 𝑣‘ Perfectly elastic, e=1

𝑚A(𝑣A)n+ 𝑚B(𝑣B)n =(𝑚A + 𝑚B)𝑣’

 DYNAMICS: KINETICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

• TWO SPECIAL CASES OF IMPACT

Perfectly Plastic or inelastic, e=0 with equal masses

Perfectly elastic, e=1

 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
𝑣1 𝑣2
9. A 16 gram mass is moving
at 30 cm/s while a 4 gram
mass is moving in an
opposite direction at 50
𝑚1 𝑚2
cm/s. They collide head on
and stick together. Their
𝑣
velocity after collision is

𝑚1 + 𝑚2
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
𝑣1 𝑣2
9.
Solution:
Initial momentum= final momentum
𝑚1 𝑣1 +𝑚2 𝑣2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) v
𝑚1 𝑚2
16 (0.3) + 4 (-0.5) = (16 +4)v
v= 0.14 m/s
𝑣

𝑚1 + 𝑚2
Other sample problems
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
1. The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation x= 2t4-15t3+24t2+4t. What is the total
distance traveled by the particle when its
acceleration is zero.
a. 7.88 units c. 8.87 units
b. 8.10 units d. 9.88 units
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
2. The ball is dropped from the roof of a building
40 m tall. What will be the speed of the ball
when it strikes the ground?
a. 50 m/s c. 19.8 m/s
b. 28 m/s d. 30.0 m/s
 DYNAMICS: KINEMATICS
Examples
3. A 10 g block slides with a velocity of 20 cm/s
on a smooth level surface and makes a collision
with a 30 g block moving in the opposite
direction with a velocity of 10 cm/s. If the
collision is perfectly elastic, what is the velocity
of the 30 g block after the collision?
a. 15 cm/s c. 25 cm/s
b. 10 cm/s d. 5 cm/s