REGENT EDUCATION &

RESEARCH FOUNDATION
PRESENTED BY
1. SAROJ KUMAR
2. ARABINDA RAHA
3. PRASENJIT MAITY
4. DEBASISH BISWAS
5. JOYDEEP GHOSH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our
teacher as well as our department who gave us golden
opportunity to do this wonderful seminar on “single phase
transformer” which, in terms, has helped us to come across a
lot of new and unknown facts that enrich our knowledge in so
many ways.
 We would also like to thank our friends who have helped us a
lot in finalizing this project with in this limited time frame. We
are grateful to all of them for their huge support.
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Construction
3. Operation principle
4. Analysis of ideal transformer
5. Equivalent circuit of an ideal transformer
6. Practical transformer
7. Determination of equivalent parameters
8. Losses of transformer
9. Efficiency & Regulation
10. Auto transformer
11. Conclusion
Transformer is an ac machine that

i. Transfers electrical energy from

one electric circuit to another.

ii. Does without a change of

frequency.

iii. Does by the principle of

electromagnetic induction.
a) A transformer consists of
two inductive windings
and a laminated steel core
b) Laminated sheets of steel
are used to reduce eddy
current loss.
c) suitable bushings to take
the terminals, oil
conservator
Transformers can be classified on different basis, like
types of construction, types of cooling etc.
Basis Of Their Type Of
Construction Their Use
Purpose Supply

Step Up Single Phase Current

Core Type
Transformer Transformer Transformer

Step Down Three Phase Potential

Shell Type
Transformer Transformer Transformer
The basic principle behind working
of a transformer is :
 The phenomenon of mutual
induction
 EMF gets induced in the
secondary winding according
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction.
 Properties of ideal
transformer :
1. No winding
resistance.
2. No leakage flux.
3. Zero magnetizing
current
4. No iron loss in core
Magnitudes of the rms induced voltages :

E1 = 2fN 1 max = 4.44fN 1 max

E 2 = 2fN 2 max = 4.44fN 2  max

Then voltage, current and transformation ratio:

V1 E1 N1 I 2
   K
V2 E2 N 2 I1
A transformer is said to be under no load condition when no load is
connected across the secondary

Transformer on no load phasor diagram

When an electrical load is connected to the secondary winding of
a transformer a current flows in the secondary winding and out to
the load.

Transformer on load phasor diagram

The equivalent circuit of a transformer can be drawn
a) showing both the sides along with parameters
b) Referred to the primary side
c) Referred to the secondary side

Equivalent Circuit Of An Ideal Transformer

A practical transformer will differ from an ideal transformer in many
ways.
a) finite permeability
b) eddy current and hysteresis losses taking place in the core
c) finite winding resistances

Equivalent Diagram Of Practical Transformer

The equivalent circuit of a
practical transformer can be
drawn:
Taking into account
1. core loss
2. winding resistances
3. leakage flux
a) Polarity test
b) Open circuit test
c) Short circuit test
d) Sumpner’s test
Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the
same polarity.
open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in
transformer and parameters of the shunt branch of the equivalent
circuit of the transformer.
Wo  V1 I o cos  o
Wo
cos  o 
V1 I o
I cl1  I o cos  o
I m1  I o sin o
V1
R cl 
1
I cl1
V1
I m1 
I m1
short-circuit test of a transformer is used to determine copper
losses in the transformer at full load. It is also used to obtain the
parameters to approximate the equivalent circuit of a transformer.

Wsc  I 2 sc rsc
Wsc
re  2
I sc
V
Z e  2sc  re  X e2
2

I sc
2
 Vsc 
Xe  
 I2 
  re 2

 sc 
The full load test on a small transformer is very convenient, but on
the large transformer, it is very difficult. The maximum temperature
rise in a large transformer is determined by the full load test. This
test is called, back-to-back test, regenerative test or Sumpner’s test.
The transformer is static machine, therefore no friction or windage
loss occurs. Various power losses occuring in a trnsformer are:
a) Iron or core loss
b) Copper loss
c) Stray load loss
d) Dielectric loss
The efficiency of a transformer (or any other device) is defined as
the ratio of output power to input power. Thus:
output power
Efficiency, 
input power
V2 I 2 cos 

V2 I 2 cos   Pc  I 2 R
2

Where,
Pc=total core loss,
I22R =total ohomic losses
V2I2=Output VA
Cosφ2=Load p.f.
For maximum efficiency,
Variable ohmic loss=Constant core loss
The all day efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy output over
24 hours to the energy input over the same period.

output energy in kWh

i.e. All day efficiency  (for 24 hours)
input energy in kWh
The change in secondary terminal voltage from
no load to full load, with primary voltage and
frequency constant, is voltage regulation.

|(|V 2 nl|-|V 2 fl|)

%regulatio n  100
| V2 fl |
I 2 R2 cos   I 2 X 2 sin 
 100
V2
 ve for lagging p.f. Percentage regulation vs. power
factor
 ve for leading p.f.
 ADVANTAGES:
•Less costly
•Better regulation
•Low losses as compared to ordinary two
winding transformer of the same rating.

DISADVANTAGES:
•The secondary winding is not insulated from
the primary winding.
•Used only in the limited places
Auto transformer
CONCLUTION
Although there are some losses present in the
transformer as we previously discussed, transformer has
wide range of application in today’s life. Being static
machine, the efficiency of transformer is as high as 99%.
For this reason transformers are used in power
generating station, distribution lines, transmission lines
etc.
Thank You