THE LIFE OF RIZAL

JOHN MEDY BATAD

VINCE PAULO PAGALING
RALP JUSTINE CHAN
 José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (Spanish
pronunciation June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino
nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial
period of the Philippines. He is tagged as the national
hero (pambansang bayani) of the Filipino
people. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and
a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which
advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
 He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime
of rebellion after the Philippine Revolution, inspired in part by his
writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its
planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which
eventually led to Philippine independence.
 He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines
and has been recommended to be so honored by an officially
empaneled National Heroes Committee. However, no law, executive
order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially
proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero.[9] He was
the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, and a
number of poems and essays.
 José Rizal was born in 1861 to Francisco Rizal Mercado y
Alejandro and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos in the town
of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine sisters and one brother. His
parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm
by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted the additional
surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849, after Governor General Narciso
Clavería y Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among
the Filipinos for census purposes (though they already had Spanish
names).
 Like many families in the Philippines, the Rizals were of mixed origin.
José's patrilineal lineage could be traced back to Fujian in China through
his father's ancestor Lam-Co, a Chinese merchant who immigrated to the
Philippines in the late 17th century. Lam-Co traveled to Manila
from Xiamen, China, possibly to avoid the famine or plague in his home
district, and more probably to escape the Manchu invasion during
the Transition from Ming to Qing. He finally decided to stay in the islands
as a farmer. In 1697, to escape the bitter anti-Chinese prejudice that
existed in the Philippines, he converted to Catholicism, changed his name
to Domingo Mercado and married the daughter of Chinese friend
Augustin Chin-co. On his mother's side, Rizal's ancestry included Chinese,
Japanese and Tagalog blood. His mother's lineage can be traced to the
affluent Florentina family of Chinese mestizo families originating
in Baliuag, Bulacan. José Rizal also had Spanish ancestry. His grandfather
was a half Spaniard engineer named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.
 From an early age, José showed a precocious intellect. He learned the
alphabet from his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5.Upon
enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he dropped the last three names
that made up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Paciano and the
Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal". Of this, he
later wrote: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal],
but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate
child!"[17] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his
brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Filipino
priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (popularly
known as Gomburza) who had been accused and executed for
treason.
 Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal", soon distinguished
himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with
his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in
writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts
of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he
finished his El filibusterismo, this second surname had become so
well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now
carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal
means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of
this family name.
Rizal's house in Calamba,
Laguna.
 Education
 Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna, before he was
sent to Manila.[18] As to his father's request, he took the entrance examination
in Colegio de San Juan de Letran but he then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila and graduated as one of the nine students in his class
declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the
same time at the University of Santo Tomas where he did take up a preparatory
course in law.[19] Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to
switch to medicine at the medical school of Santo Tomas specializing later
in ophthalmology.

 Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his
brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied
medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the
degree, Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended medical lectures at the University
of Paris and the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of
the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the
patronage of the famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he
delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the Anthropological Society on
the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. He left Heidelberg a poem,
"A las flores del Heidelberg", which was both an evocation and a prayer for the
welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and
West.
 At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye
specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker. There he
used the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann
von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From
Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: "I spend half of the day in the
study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye.
Twice a week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German
with my student friends." He lived in a Karlstraße boarding house
then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer
and stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few
chapters of Noli Me Tángere.
 Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He
painted, sketched, and made sculptures and woodcarving. He was a
prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose most famous works were
his two novels, Noli Me Tángere and its sequel, El
filibusterismo. These social commentaries during the Spanish
colonization of the country formed the nucleus of literature that
inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike. Rizal
was also a polyglot, conversant in twenty-two languages
Francisco Rizal Teodora Alonso Realonda y
Mercado Quintos
 Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend,
Dr. Adolf Bernhard Meyer, as "stupendous."[note 5] Documented
studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master
various skills and subjects.[20][22][22][23] He was
an ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, farmer,
historian, playwright and journalist. Besides poetry and
creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of
expertise, in architecture, cartography,
economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics,
martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also
a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his time in
Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.
 Personal life, relationships and ventures
 José Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th
century Filipinos due to the vast and extensive records
written by and about him.[24] Almost everything in his short
life is recorded somewhere, being himself a regular diarist
and prolific letter writer, much of the material having
survived. His biographers, however, have faced difficulty in
translating his writings because of Rizal's habit of switching
from one language to another.
 They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of
a young Asian encountering the West for the first time. They
included his later trips, home and back again to Europe
through Japan and the United States,[25] and, finally, through
his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong.
 Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University), Rizal (who was
then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, came
to visit Rizal's maternal grandmother in Tondo, Manila.
Mariano brought along his sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-
year-old Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas. It was the first
time they met and Rizal described Segunda as "rather
short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times
and languid at others, rosy–cheeked, with an enchanting
and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth,
and the air of a sylph; her entire self diffused a mysterious
charm." His grandmother's guests were mostly college
students and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting.
They suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of
Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil
sketch of her. Unfortunately for him, Katigbak was
engaged to Manuel Luz
Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived
during his self-imposed exile in Hong
Kong
 From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family
in Number 2 of Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong
Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central district, Hong
Kong Island, as his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm.
This period of his life included his recorded affections of which
nine were identified. They were Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot
Crescent, Primrose Hill, Camden, London, wealthy and high-
minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberian merchant
family, last descendant of a noble Japanese family Seiko Usui
(affectionately called O-Sei-san), his earlier friendship with
Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, and eight-year
romantic relationship with a distant cousin, Leonor
Rivera (popularly thought to be the inspiration for the
character of María Clara in Noli me tangere).
Business card shows Dr. José Rizal is
an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong
 Affair
 In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the
temptation of a 'lady of the camellias'. The writer, Maximo
Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848
novel, La dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with
a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no
account in Viola's letter whether it was more than one-night
and if it was more a business transaction than an amorous
affair
A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera
by José Rizal
 Leonor Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was
only 14 years old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882,
Rivera was 15 years of age. Their ensuing correspondence
began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell, and
their letters to each other slowly became romantic in nature.
The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept Rizal
focused on his studies in Europe. They employed codes in
their letters because Rivera's mother did not favour Rizal as a
suitor for her daughter. A letter from Mariano Catigbac dated
June 27, 1884 referred to Rivera as Rizal's “betrothed”.
Catigbac described Rivera as having been greatly affected by
Rizal's departure, frequently sick because of insomnia.
 When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887,
Rivera was no longer living in Cotabato because she and her
family had moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal
wanted to meet Rivera and vice versa, but both were
prohibited by their respective fathers; Francisco Mercado
barred his son from meeting her in order to avoid putting the
Rivera family in danger, as Rizal had by then been labeled
a filibustero or subversive by the Spanish colonial
government[3] because of his novel, Noli Me Tangere. Rizal
wanted to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines
because of her uncomplaining fidelity, so they asked
permission from his father one more time before his second
departure. The meeting never happened.
 In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year,
even as he kept sending letters to her. The reason for Rivera's
silence was the connivance between Rivera's mother and an
Englishman named Henry Charles Kipping, a railway
engineer who fell in love with Rivera and was favoured by
Rivera's mother
Josephine Bracken was
Rizal's common-law wife whom he
reportedly married shortly before his
execution
 In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman
from Hong Kong, when she accompanied her blind adoptive father,
George Taufer, to have his eyes checked by Rizal. After frequent
visits, Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each other. They applied to
marry but, because of Rizal's reputation from his writings and
political stance, the local priest Father Obach would only hold the
ceremony if Rizal could get permission from the Bishop of Cebu. He
was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would
not return to Catholicism
 After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong
Kong, and before heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal,
Josephine introduced herself to members of Rizal's family in Manila.
His mother suggested a civil marriage, which she believed to be a
lesser sacrament but less sinful to Rizal's conscience than making
any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the
Bishop. Rizal and Josephine lived as husband and wife in a common-
law marriage in Talisay in Dapitan. The couple had a son who lived
only for a few hours after Josephine suffered a miscarriage Rizal
named him after his father Francisco
 In Brussels and Spain (1890–92)
 In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the
publication of his annotations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas (1609). He lived in the boarding house of the two
Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna, who had a niece Suzanna
("Thil"), age 16. Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had "his
romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his
landladies." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that
Rizal had a romance with the 17-year-old niece, Suzanna Thil, as his
other liaisons were all with young women.[35] He found records
clarifying their names and ages.
 Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the
young Suzanna a box of chocolates. She wrote to him in French:
"After your departure, I did not take the chocolate. The box is still
intact as on the day of your parting. Don’t delay too long writing us
because I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox
to see if there is a letter from you. There will never be any home in
which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy,
hurry up and come back…"[35] In 2007, Slachmuylders' group
arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be placed at the
house
 He published Dimanche des Rameaux (Palm Sunday), a socio-
political essay, in Berlin on 30 November 1886. He discussed
the significance of Palm Sunday in socio-political terms: "This
entry [of Jesus into Jerusalem] decided the fate of the jealous
priests, the Pharisees, of all those who believed themselves
the only ones who had the right to speak in the name of God,
of those who would not admit the truths said by others
because they have not been said by them. That triumph,
those hosannas, all those flowers, those olive branches, were
not for Jesus alone; they were the songs of the victory of the
new law, they were the canticles celebrating the dignification
of man, the liberty of man, the first mortal blow directed
against despotism and slavery". Shortly its publication, Rizal
was summoned by the German police who suspected him of
being a French spy
 The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two
most famous novels, Noli Me Tángere, published in Berlin in 1887,
and El Filibusterismo, published in Ghent in 1891. For the latter, he
used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings angered both
the Spanish colonial elite and many educated Filipinos due to their
symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of the
Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary-
born professor and historian, wrote that the novel's characters were
drawn from real life and that every episode can be repeated on any
day in the Philippines
 Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in
the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the
Catholic faith. This did not dissuade him from writing the preface
of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli Me Tángere into
German. As Blumentritt had warned, these books resulted in Rizal's
being prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was eventually
tried by the military, convicted and executed. Teaching the natives
where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as
the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.
 As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in
Spain, Rizal contributed essays, allegories, poems,
and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in
Barcelona (in this case Rizal used a pen name,
"Dimasalang", "Laong Laan" and "May Pagasa"). The core of
his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of
individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the
Filipino people. He shared the same sentiments with
members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling,
in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt
friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the
following agenda
Leaders of the reform movement in
Spain: Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar,
and Ponce (c. 1890).
 That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (The
Philippines was a province of New Spain – now Mexico,
administered from Mexico city from 1565 to 1821. From 1821 to
1898 it was administered directly from Spain.)
 Representation in the Cortes
 Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars –
Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans – in parishes and
remote sitios
 Freedom of assembly and speech
 Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish
plaintiffs)
 The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these
reforms. Such Spanish intellectuals as Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y
Margall, and others did endorse them.
 Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted
Rizal by writing an insulting article in La Epoca, a newspaper in
Madrid. He implied that the family and friends of Rizal were evicted
from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. The
incident (when Rizal was ten) stemmed from an accusation that
Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but she
said she was trying to help. With the approval of the Church prelates,
and without a hearing, she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in
1871. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from Calamba.
She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the
highest court.[23] In 1887, Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the
tenants of Calamba, and later that year led them to speak out
against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation
which resulted in the Dominicans' evicting them from their homes,
including the Rizal family. General Valeriano Weyler had the
buildings on the farm torn down.
 Return to Philippines (1892–96)
 Exile in Dapitan
 Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement
called La Liga Filipina. The league advocated these moderate
social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the
governor. At that time, he had already been declared an
enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the
publication of his novel.
 Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion
and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province
of Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.There he built a
school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and
engaged in farming and horticulture. Abaca, then the vital raw
material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted
in the thousands, was a memorial.
 The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included
English as a foreign language (considered a prescient if
unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and
antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating
resourcefulness and self-sufficiency in young men. They
would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest
government officials. One, a Muslim, became a datu, and
another, José Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the
life of the school, became Governor of Zamboanga
 In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his
return to the fold led by Fray Francisco de Paula Sánchez, his
former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was
resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order.
In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the deism familiar to
us today
 His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch
with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of
letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and
which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four
years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine
Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the
viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his
complicity in it.[24] He condemned the uprising, although all the
members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president
and had used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty.[52]
 He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice
instead of the incoming revolution, believing that a peaceful stand
is the best way to avoid further suffering in the country and loss of
Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I consider myself happy for being
able to suffer a little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [...]. I
believe further that in any undertaking, the more one suffers for it, the
surer its success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my
poor judgment does not see it as such
 In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game
for his students, with questions and answers for which a wooden
top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and
the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch, spoon and salter.
 Arrest and trial
 By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret
society, had become a full-blown revolution, proving to be a
nationwide uprising.[54] Rizal had earlier volunteered his services as
a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-General Ramón
Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal
and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of
recommendation from Blanco.
 Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned
in Barcelona on October 6, 1896. He was sent back the same day to
Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution through
his association with members of the Katipunan. During the entire
passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and
had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so.
 Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned
in Barcelona on October 6, 1896. He was sent back the same day
to Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution
through his association with members of the Katipunan. During
the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on
him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so.
 While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued
a manifesto disavowing the current revolution in its present state
and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their
achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom.
 Rizal was tried before a court-
martial for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy, and was convicted
on all three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was
sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office. The friars, led
by then-Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda had
'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his stead as the new
Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after pressuring
Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.
 Execution
 Moments before his execution on December 30, 1896 by a
squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish Army, a backup force
of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the
executioners should they fail to obey orders.[55] The Spanish
Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: it was
normal. Aware of this the sergeant commanding the backup
force hushed his men to silence when they began raising
"vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and
Mestizo Spaniards. His last words were those of Jesus Christ:
"consummatum est", – it is finished
 He was secretly buried in Pacò Cemetery in Manila with no
identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all
possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the
cemetery with guards posted at the gate. Assuming this
could be the most likely spot, there never having been any
ground burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the
site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.
 His undated poem Mi último adiós, believed to have been
written a few days before his execution, was hidden in an
alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his
few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his
last bequests. During their visit, Rizal reminded his sisters in
English, "There is something inside it", referring to the alcohol
stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned
after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of
the poem. This instruction was followed by another, "Look in
my shoes", in which another item was secreted. Exhumation
of his remains in August 1898, under American rule, revealed
that he had been uncoffined, his burial was not on sanctified
ground granted to the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was
in his shoes had disintegrated. He is now buried in the Rizal
Monument in Manila
 In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents
as you would wish to be treated...Love them greatly in
memory of me...December 30, 1896." He gave his family
instructions for his burial: "Bury me in the ground. Place a
stone and a cross over it. My name, the date of my birth and
of my death. Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my
grave with a fence, you can do it. No anniversaries."
 In his final letter, to Blumentritt – Tomorrow at 7, I shall be
shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am going
to die with a tranquil conscience. Rizal is believed to be the
first Filipino revolutionary whose death is attributed
entirely to his work as a writer; and through dissent
and civil disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy
Spain's moral primacy to rule. He also bequeathed a book
personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest
friend'. When Blumentritt received it in his hometown
of Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), he broke down and wept.
Rizal's execution in what was then Bagumbayan.
 Works and writings
 Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua franca of
the Spanish East Indies, though some of his letters (for
example Sa Mga KababaihangTaga Malolos) were written in
Tagalog. His works have since been translated into a number
of languages including Tagalog and English.
 Novels and essays
 Noli Me Tángere, novel, 1887 (literally Latin for 'touch me not',
from John 20:17)[59]
 El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tángere
 Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er the Race"), a Kundiman attributed
to Dr. José Rizal[60]
 The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
 Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at
Restaurante Ingles, Madrid
 The Diaries of José Rizal
 Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal's letters to his
family members, Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo Pastells and other
reformers
 "Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine
islands)
 Filipinas dentro de cien años essay, 1889–90 (The Philippines a
Century Hence)
 La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of
Filipinos)[61]
 Makamisa unfinished novel
 Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young
Women of Malolos
 Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas (essay, 1889, Events in the Philippine Islands)
 Poetry
 A La Juventud Filipina (To The PhilippineYouth)
 El Canto Del Viajero
 Briayle Crismarl
 Canto de María Clara
 Himno Al Trabajo (Dalit sa Paggawa)
 Felicitación
 Kundiman (Tagalog)
 Me Piden Versos
 Mi primera inspiracion
 Mi Retiro
 Mi Ultimo Adiós
 Por La Educación (Recibe Lustre La Patria)
 Sa Sanggol na si Jesus
 A Mi Musa (To My Muse)
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
 A Man in Dapitan
 Plays
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of Gods)
 Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)
 San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)[63]
 Other works
 Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous
sculptural work was "The Triumph of Science over Death", a clay sculpture
of a naked young woman with overflowing hair, standing on a skull while
bearing a torch held high. The woman symbolized the ignorance of
humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore symbolized the
enlightenment science brings over the whole world. He sent the sculpture
as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, together with another
one named "The Triumph of Death over Life".
 The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the
victory the humankind achieved by conquering the bane of death through
their scientific advancements. The original sculpture is now displayed at
the Rizal Shrine Museum at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A large
replica, made of concrete, stands in front of Fernando Calderón Hall, the
building which houses the College of Medicine of the University of the
Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in Ermita, Manila.
The Triumph of Science over Death,
also known as Scientia, is a
clay sculpture made by José Rizal as a
gift to his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt.