Quantum numbers and

Periodic table

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 What is an orbital?

• It is the space around the nucleus in which the electron is found with
a probability of 90%.
• The electron spends 90% of its time in that space.

90%

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 Different shapes of orbitals

s p

d f

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 university

1 2 3
Faculty of
Main
Faculty of art Faculty of science shells
engineering

a b c d e f g
sub-
Arabic Engl. Mech civil chem phys Math
shells

a b g b g b g b g b g b g

D M B M B M B M B M B M B

Each student in the university is defined by a set of symbols:

A Math student in the master program has the set: 3 gb
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 Similarly, electrons in atom are specified by a set of numbers, the
quantum numbers:

The Quantum Numbers

name symbol values Physical significance

-Gives the main shell in which the electron

exists.
Principal Quantum Number n 1, 2, 3, 4, …….
-Determines largely the energy of the electron.

-Determines the size of the orbital.

-Gives the subshell in which the electron exists.

Azimuthal (secondary,
angular moment) Quantum ℓ 0, 1, 2, …, (n-1) -contributes to energy of electron.
Number
-Determines the shape of the orbital

Magnetic Quantum Number mℓ -ℓ, …, 0, … +ℓ -Determines the orientation of orbital in space

Spin Quantum Number ms +/- 1/2 -orientation of rotation of electron around itself.

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l-value orbital type Main shell
n-value
0 s designation

1 p 1 K

2 d 2 L

3 f 3 M

4 g 4 N

5 h 5 O

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n ℓ mℓ No. of No. of
(n-1) (-ℓ, …, +ℓ) orbitals electrons
1 0 (s) 0 1 2 2

2 0 (s) 0 1 2 8
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6
3 0 (s) 0 1 2
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6 18
2 (d) -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 5 10
4 0 (s) 0 1 2
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6
2 (d) -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 5 10 32
3 (f) -3, -2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7 14
2n2
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Nodes: Regions where electrons are not allowed to be present in.
Electron Probability of being there is zero.

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 3p
1 node

3s: 3-0-1=2 nodes

Number of nodes: n-ℓ-1
2s: 2-0-1=1 node
1s: 1-0-1= 0 node
2p: 2-1-1= 0 node
3p: 3-1-1=1 node
3d: 3-2-1=0 node
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