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m-3
Other values….
Elevated %
of quartz and
clay minerals Water content
Clay
Peat Low
values
Elevated %
of organic
matter
(this is only qualitative
the relations are non
linear)
Amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface
DT.
Elevated %
of quartz and
clay minerals Water content
Sandy Low
values
Clay
Peat
High values
Elevated %
of organic
matter
(this is only qualitative
the relations are non
linear)
Specific heat
Elevated %
of quartz and
clay minerals Water content
Low values
Sandy
Clay
Peat
High
values
Elevated %
of organic
matter
(this is only qualitative
the relations are non
linear)
Thermal diffusivity.
Elevated %
of quartz and
clay minerals Water content
Clay
Peat
Low values Low values
Elevated %
of organic
matter
(this is only qualitative
the relations are non
linear)
Examples:
0.24 106 m 2 s - 1
k
Thermal diffusivity
scs
Thermal admittance C s k 620 J m - 2 s - 1/2 K - 1
2
Damping depth (daily cycle) z D 0.08 m
2
Damping depth (annual cycle) z D 1.5 m
For a maximum Ground Heat Flux of 200W/m2 the
temperature variation between night and day is
Q
DT G 38o C
Saturated Sandy Soil (40% pore space)
0.74 10 6 m 2 s - 1
k
Thermal diffusivity
scs
Thermal admittance C s k 2550 J m - 2 s - 1/2 K - 1
2
Damping depth (daily cycle) z D 0.14 m
2
Damping depth (annual cycle) z D 2.7 m
For a maximum Ground Heat Flux of 200W/m2 the
temperature variation between night and day is
Q
DT G 9oC
Limitations of the previous approach:
•Measurements show that the ground heat flux is not
sinusoidal in time. In particular during night-time is
more uniform and much flatter.
•The assumed sinusoidal variation of the surface
temperature may be not realistic.
•The simplifying assumption of the homogeneity of the
submedium is often not realized.
max
min
9 hrs
1st approach:Statistical parameterizations
Reasonable expectation that QG is a fraction of
Q* forcing. The surface QG leads the Q*
forcing by about 3 hours. Therefore a daily plot
of QG vs Q* results in a hysteresis loop
This loop can be modeled as
Q *
QG aQ * b c
t
TG 1 *
Q Q H Q E QG d
t cd
Q* QH QE
QG ( d )
Assuming that
T T
QG ( d ) k m G
Dz
with Tm temperature of the
thick layer
TG 1 * k TG Tm
Q Q H Q E
t C sd C sd Dz
CG C s d
is the heat capacity per unit area
of the near ground soil layer
2
TG 1 * z T Tm
Q Q H Q E D G
t CG 2d Dz
assuming d z D and Dz z D
2
TG 1 *
Q Q H Q E TG Tm
t CG
Tm
Tg Tm
t
Multi-Layer Soil Models (Tremback and
Kessler, 1985)
Q* QH QE
QG ( zi )
TG TG
t z z
The forces which bind soil water are related to the soil
porosity and the soil water content (S, volume of water
per volume of soil). The forces are weakest for open
textured, wet soils and greatest for a clay soil
For a given soil, the potential increases as S
decreases. It is relatively easy to extract moisture
from a wet soil but as it dries out it becomes
increasingly difficult to remove additional units
Vertical flux of liquid water in soil (in absence
of percolating rain) is result of:
• Gravity
•Vertical water potential gradient (flux
gradient relationship as for heat). Darcy’s Law
J K f
z
K f hydraulic conductivity
Plate
DT
1
QG ( 0 ) QG ( z )
Dt C S Dz
DT
QG ( 0 ) QG ( z ) C S Dz
Dt
measured measured