Chapter 7

(Lecturer 5-Part 2)
External Flow

1
Flow around Cylinder and Sphere
 Flow around cylinders and spheres is characterized by boundary layer
development and separation.
 U∞ 0 at stagnation point.
 U∞ in cylinder is depending on the distance x from the stagnation point.
 Heat transfer coefficients are strongly influenced by the nature of boundary
layer development at the surface.

VD VD
 Laminar boundary layer for Re D    2 105
 v 2
Flow around Cylinder and Sphere
p
 The fluid accelerates because of the favorable pressure gradient 0
x
p
 Reach maximum velocity when 0
x
p
 Then the fluid will decelerates due to the adverse pressure gradient x  0

3
Flow around Cylinder and Sphere
 As the fluid decelerates, the velocity gradient at the surface eventually
become zero.

 Separation point occur when u / y  0 at y = 0.

 Wake formed where the boundary layer detached from the surface.

4
Flow around Cylinder and Sphere
 At the flow ReD ≤ 2 x 105, the boundary layer remained laminar and
separation occurs at θ = 80o

 At the flow ReD ≥ 2 x 105, the boundary layer become turbulent and
separation occurs at θ = 140o

 Dimensionless drag coefficient

FD
CD 
A f ( V 2 / 2)

 FD = Drag force, Af = Cylinder frontal area

5
Flow around Cylinder and Sphere

6
Crossflow around Cylinders
1. Hilpert correlation
hD
NuD   C Re mD Pr1/ 3 (7.52)
k
 Conditions of using this equation
 All properties are evaluated at the Tf
 Pr > 0.7, C and m from Table 7.2 (Circular cylinder) and Table 7.3 (Non
circular cylinder)

7
Crossflow around Cylinders
hD
NuD   C Re mD Pr1/ 3
k

8
Crossflow around Cylinders
2. Zukauskas correlation
1/ 4
 Pr 
NuD  C Re Pr 
m
D

n
(7.53)
 Prs 
 Conditions of using this equation
 0.7 < Pr < 500, 1 < ReD < 1 x 106
 where C and m are listed in Table 7.4, (n = 0.37 for Pr ≤ 10) and
(n = 0.36 for Pr ≥ 10).
 Properties evaluated at T , except Prs which is evaluated at Ts.

9
Crossflow around Cylinders
3. Churchill and Bernstein correlation, for all ReD and Pr>0.2
4/5
0.62 Re 1D/ 2 Pr 1/ 3   Re D 
5/8 
(7.54)
Nu D  0.3  1    

1  0.4 / Pr 2 / 31 / 4
  282 ,000  
 Conditions of using this equation

 All ReDPr > 0.2

 All properties are evaluated at the film temperature

10
Example
Experiment have been conducted on a metallic cylinder 12.7 mm in
diameter and 94 mm long. The cylinder is heated internally by an
electrical heater and is subjected to a cross flow of air in a low-speed
wind tunnel. Under a specific set of operating conditions for which the
upstream air velocity and temperature were maintained at V = 10 m/s
and 26.2°C, respectively, the heater power dissipation was measured to
be P = 46 W, while the average cylinder surface temperature was
determined to be Ts = 128.4°C. It is estimated that 15% of the power
dissipation is lost through the cumulative effect of surface radiation and
conduction through the end pieces.

1. Determine the convection heat transfer coefficient from the

experimental observations.

2. Compare the experimental result with the convection coefficient

computed from an appropriate correlation.
11
Example
Assumption:
 Steady state, incompressible flow condition.
 Uniform cylinder surface temperature.

12
Example

13
Example

14
Example

15
Example
A circular pipe of 37.5mm outside diameter is placed in an airstream at
30°C and 1 atm pressure. The air moves in across flow over the pipe at
10 m/s, while the outer surface of the pipe is maintained at 95°C. What
is the rate of heat transfer from the pipe per unit length using,

1. Hilpert correlation

2. Zukauskas correlation

16
Example
Assumption:
 Steady state, incompressible flow condition.
 Negligible radiation effect.
 Uniform cylinder surface temperature.

17
Example

18
Example

19
Example
Consider the water with a velocity of V = 5 m/s and a temperature of T =
20oC, in cross flow over a 10-mm diameter cylinder maintained at 50oC.
Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit length, q’, using the Churchill-
Bernstein correlation.

20
Example
Assumption:
 Steady state, incompressible flow condition.
 Negligible radiation effect.
 Uniform cylinder surface temperature. 4/5
0.62 Re 1D/ 2 Pr 1/ 3   Re D 
5/8 
Nu D  0.3  1    

1  0.4 / Pr 2 / 31 / 4
  282 ,000  

21
Example

22
Flow around Sphere
1. Whitaker correlation 1/ 4
 
NuD  2  (0.4 Re 1/ 2
 0.06 Re 2/3
) Pr  
0.4
(7.56)
 s 
D D

 Conditions of using this equation 

 0.71 ≤ Pr ≤ 380, 3.5 ≤ ReD ≤ 7.6 x 104 , 1.0 ≤  s ≤ 3.2
 All properties except  s are evaluated at T

2. Ranz and Marshall correlation

NuD  2  0.6 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3 (7.57)

 Conditions of using this equation

 Special case of convection heat and mass transfer from spheres relates
to transport from freely falling liquid drop

23
Example
Air at 25oC flows over a 10mm diameter sphere with a velocity of 25
m/s, while the surface of the sphere is maintained at 75oC. Calculate
the rate of heat transfer from the sphere.

24
Example
Assumption:
 Steady state, incompressible flow condition.
 Negligible radiation effect.
 Uniform surface temperature.

25
Example

26
Flow Across Banks of Tubes
 Flow across banks of tubes are important in industrial application
 Steam generation in boiler
 Air cooling in air conditioning coil

27
Flow Across Banks of Tubes

28
Flow Across Banks of Tubes
 The arrangement can be either:
 Aligned
 Staggered

29
Flow Across Banks of Tubes
 Flow around the first row of the banks similar to the single cylinder in cross
flow.
 The downstream flow condition strongly depend on tube bank arrangement.
 Typically, convection coefficient increase with the increase of row until the
fifth row.
 Staggered – Better heat transfer due to more tortuous flow and mixing of
cross flow fluid.

30
Tube Banks

Flow Across Tube Banks

• A common geometry for • Aligned and Staggered Arrays:
two-fluid heat exchangers.

ST
Aligned: Vmax  V
ST  D

   
ST
Staggered:
Vmax 
S D
V if 2 S D  D  ST  D
T

   
ST
or, Vmax  2  SD  D  V if 2 S D  D  ST  D
Flow Across Banks of Tubes
1. Zukauskas correlation
1/ 4
0.36 Pr 
Nu D  C1 Re mD,max Pr  
 Pr  (7.58)
 s 
 Conditions of using this equation
 N L  20 0.7  Pr  500 10  Re D,max  2 10 6
 NL is the number of tube rows, all properties except Prs are evaluated at
the arithmetic mean of the fluid inlet (Ti = T∞) and outlet (To)
temperatures.
 Constant C1 and m are listed in Table 7.5
 If there are 20 or fewer tubes, NL ≤ 20,
____ ____
Nu D ( N L  20 )  C2 Nu D ( N L  20 ) (7.59)

32
Flow Across Banks of Tubes

33
Example
A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 30 mm tube with
ST=SL=60mm and a tube length of 1 m. There are 10 tubes rows in the
flow direction and 7 tubes per row. Air with upstream conditions of T∞
and V = 15m/s is in cross flow over the tubes, while a tube wall
temperature of 100oC is maintained by steam condensation inside the
tube. Determined the convection coefficient.

34
Example
Assumption:
 Steady state, incompressible flow condition.
 Negligible radiation effect.
 Uniform surface temperature.

35
Example

36
Procedure for Calculations
 Begin by recognizing the flow geometry (i.e. flat plate, sphere, cylinder etc.)

 Specify appropriate reference temperature for evaluation of fluid properties

(usually film temperature, equation 7.2)

 Calculate Reynolds number – determine whether flow is laminar or turbulent

 Reminder: Transition criteria:

uL VD 5 Cylinders and

Re L   5 105 Flat plates Re D   2 10 spheres
 
• Decide whether a local or average heat transfer coefficient is required
• Use appropriate correlation to determine heat transfer coefficient
• Proceed with other calculations, such as determination of heating or cooling
rate

37
Other Applications
Packed beds

Impinging jets

38
Summary
 Convection heat transfer coefficients in external flows depend on the nature
of boundary layer development.

 There are numerous correlations available for describing convection heat

transfer for external flows.

 Technologically important cases include flows around flat plates, cylinders,

spheres, tube banks, packed beds, impinging jets etc.

 Comprehensive summary of correlations provided in Table 7.7.

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- The end -

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