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AI8604
SOLAR AND WIND
ENERGY ENGINEERING
 AI8604 -SOLAR AND WIND
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ENERGY ENGINEERING
UNIT I : SOLAR ENERGY RADIATION AND SOLAR
THERMAL COLLECTORS

UNIT II : SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS

UNIT III : SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY
UNIT IV : WIND ENERGY
UNIT V : WIND MILL TYPES AND APPLICATIONS
 CONTENTS
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 Introduction to Solar Radiation

 Introduction to Solar energy Engineering
 Solar radiation availability and it’s measurement
 Solar Radiation - Introduction
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 Solar radiation is a general term for the

electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.
 Solar radiation can be captured and turned into
useful forms of energy, such as
 heat

 electricity

“using a variety of technologies”

 Solar Radiation - Introduction
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 Energy is radiated by the sun as emw of which

99% have wavelengths in the range of
0.2 μm to 4 μm
 Solar energy reaching the top of the earth’s

atmosphere consists of
 8% UV – <0.39 μm
 46% visible light – 0.39 μm to 0.78 μm
 46% IR - >0.78 μm
 Sun–earth relationship.
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 Solar Engineering - Introduction
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 Solar Engineering deals with the design and

development of power plants, systems and
products that operate on solar power.
 Solar energy engg is also aimed at developing
components and system to harness the massive
amounts of energy transmitted from the sun to Earth.
 Photovoltaics – the conversion of light into electricity.
 Thermal – the conversion of heat into electricity.
 Solar radiation availability and it’s
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measurement
 The fraction of the energy flux
emitted by the sun and intercepted
by the earth is characterized by
the solar constant.
 The solar constant is defined as
essentially the measure of the
solar energy flux density
perpendicular to the ray direction
per unit area per unit time.
 It is most precisely measured by
satellites outside the earth
atmosphere. The solar constant is
currently estimated at 1367 W/m2
 Solar radiation availability
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The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one

spot on the Earth's surface varies according to:
 Geographic location

 Time of day

 Season

 Local landscape

 Local weather.
 Solar radiation availability
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 As the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, it gets

absorbed, scattered, reflected, or transmitted.
 All these processes result in reduction of the energy flux
density.
 Actually, the solar flux density is reduced by about 30%
compared to extraterrestrial radiation flux on a sunny day
and is reduced by as much as 90% on a cloudy day.
The following main losses should be noted:
 absorbed by particles and molecules in the atmosphere

 reflected and scattered back to space

 scattered to earth (direct radiation becomes diffuse)

 Solar radiation availability
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 Direct radiation reaching the earth surface never

exceeds 83% of the original extraterrestrial energy
flux.
 This radiation that comes directly from the solar disk is
defined as beam radiation.
 The scattered and reflected radiation that is sent to the
earth surface from all directions (reflected from other
bodies, molecules, particles, droplets, etc.) is defined as
diffuse radiation.
 The sum of the beam and diffuse components is defined
as total (or global) radiation.
 Solar radiation availability
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 Solar radiation measuring equipment
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Need for Measuring Radiation parameters

Radiation parameters are  total solar radiation

needed for the  beam radiation
 design,  diffuse radiation
 sizing,  sunshine duration.
 performance evaluation,

 Research

of solar energy applications.

 Types of solar radiation measuring
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instruments:

The pyrheliometer
It is an instrument used It is used to measure
for measuring the direct total (beam and diffuse)
solar irradiance. radiation within its
hemispherical field of
view
 Solar radiation measuring – Based on
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 This equipment usually employs

the
 Thermoelectric effects

 Photovoltaic effects

“to measure the radiation”

 Pyrheliometers
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 Used to measure beam

of direct radiation.
 It collimate the
radiation to determine
the beam intensity as
a function of incident
angle.
 Also known as normal
incidence pyranometer
 Pyrheliometers
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 long collimator tube to collect beam

radiation
 field of view is limited to a solid
angle of 5.5° by appropriate
diaphragms inside the tube.
 Inner surface is blackened to absorb
any radiation.
 At the base of tube a wire wound
thermopile
 Tube sealed with dry air to eliminate
absorption of beam of radiation
within the tube by water vapor.
 Pyrheliometers
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 Sunlight enters the

instrument through
collimator tube
 and is directed onto
a thermopile (sensing
element) which
converts heat to an
electrical signal that
can be recorded.
 Pyrheliometers
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 The Angstrom Compensation

Pyrheliometer
 The Abbot Silver disc Pyrheliometer

 Eppley Pyrheliometer
 The Angstrom Compensation
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Pyrheliometer
 Abbot Silver disc Pyrheliometer
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 Eppley Pyrheliometer
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 Pyranometer
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 It measure the total

hemispherical solar radiation.
 Solar constant-The average
amount of solar radiation
received by the Earth's
atmosphere, per unit area,
when the Earth is at its mean
distance from the Sun.
 The value of the solar
constant is found
experimentally to be 1368
W/m2.
 Pyranometer
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 Pyranometer
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 Pyranometer
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 Eppley Pyranometer
 Yellot Solarimeter (pv solar cell)
 Solar radiation on Tilted surfaces
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 The solar power incident on a given surface

depends not only on the power contained in the
sunlight, but also on the angle between the module
and the sun.
 When the absorbing surface and the sunlight are
perpendicular to each other, the power density on
the surface is equal to that of the sunlight
 The angle between the sun and a fixed surface is
continually changing, the solar power also varies.
 Solar radiation on Tilted surfaces
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Ratio of the radiation falling on the tilted surface to that falling on a horizontal surface is
called as tilt factor
 Solar thermal collectors
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 Solar thermal collectors
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 Converting solar energy into heat requires the

utilization of solar thermal collectors.
domestic water heating
 heating of swimming
pools
space heating,
water processes for
industrial heating
agricultural drying
 Solar thermal collectors - Classification
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 Solar thermal collectors - Classification
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Flat plate collectors

Concentrating type collectors
 Flat Plate Collector
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 CASING
 ABSORBER PLATE
 TUBES OR CHANNELS
 INSULATIONS
 TRANSPARENT COVER
OR GLAZING SHEET
 Flat Plate Collectors
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 Both beam &diffused radiation

 No optical concentration method
 No need of solar tracking
 Applicable for heating Less than 100˚C
 Heat balance in Solar collectors
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 COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
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The thermal performance of a collector can be

calculated from a first-law energy balance. according to
the first law of thermodynamics, for a simple flat-plate
collector an instantaneous steady-state energy balance
is
Useful energy gain (Qu) =
“energy absorbed by the collector - heat loss to
surroundings”
 COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
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Qu = Ac[HR (𝜏.α)e –UL (tp-ta)]

Qu = Useful energy gain
Ac = Collector area
HR = Solar energy received on the upper surface of
collector
UL = Overall heat loss transfer coefficient
(𝜏.α)e = Transmissivity - absortivity product
 COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
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Qu = Ac[HR (𝜏.α)e –UL (tp-ta)]

Qu = Useful energy gain
Ac = Collector area
HR = Solar energy received on the upper surface of
collector
UL = Overall heat loss transfer coefficient
(𝜏.α)e = Transmissivity - absortivity product
 Energy balance equation
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Ac[HR (𝜏.α)e ] = Qu + Q l + Qs

Collector efficiency = Useful Heat gain

Incident Solar energy
 Absorber plate
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 Absorber plates are usually made of metal—

typically copper or aluminum—because the metal is
a good heat conductor.
 Absorber plate
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The key considerations in flat plate collector design

are
 maximizing absorption,

 minimizing reflection and radiation losses,

 effective heat transfer from the collector plate to

the fluids.
 Absorber plate- types
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Types of
Absorber
Plates

Pipe and Fin Rectangular or Roll bond type

type cylindrical full or semi-
sandwich type sandwich type
 Absorber plate- types
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 Absorber plate- types
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 Selective surfaces
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