Lecture 1

Concordia University
Electrical and Computer Engineering
ELEC 6461
Lecture 1
Power Electronics II
1
© Dr. Akshay K. Rathore, Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
Structure of Evaluation
o 20% Assignments
o 20% Test
o 20% Mini Project (Due 15 April)
o 40% Final Exam
2
Mini Project
Project to be finalized by 30 January.
- title; team members (names, IDs, emails), tasks (in bullet points) – 1 Page
Report (in IEEE double column format, maximum 10 pages) – 15 April

https://www.ieee.org/conferences/publishing/templates.html
(Abstract and Introduction: 1 Page; Conclusion and refs: 1 Page; More on your work)
2 members maximum in 1 group.
Nature of projects
1. Study, comparison and evaluation
2. Analysis, design and simulation
3
Office Hours
o Office: EV05.159
o Thursdays 10:30 to 12:30 PM (walk-in)
o Email/Call for appointment (after office hours)

akshay.rathore@concordia.ca
514-848-2424 x4486
4
Programmers on Duty (POD)
o Amirhossein MehdizadeMehrjoyAraghi (Amir)
mehdizadehamir1991@gmail.com
8 hours a week (Jan-Feb)
o Swati Tandon (Swati)

swati.tandon1990@gmail.com
8 hours a week (March-April))
*Will announce the venue and timings through moodle.
5
Topics
Advanced Power Electronics
1. Circuit topologies
2. Modulation techniques
3. Isolated dc-dc converters
4. Hard-switching and soft-switching dc-dc converters
5. PWM and resonant converters
6. Voltage-fed and current-fed converters
7. Inverters (single-phase and 3-phase)
8. Applications to UPS, SMPS, and motor drives
6
Fundamental Power Electronics
Major Applications
• Motor Drives
• UPS
• Alternative Energy Sources (Solar, Wind, Fuel Cells)
• Electric Transportation (ground, Water, Air)
• Power Conditioning
7
Power Electronics
 Purpose and role
 What is in power electronics ?
 Requirement in design
 Fundamental and advanced power electronics
8
Challenges
 High efficiency
 Ruggedness
 Small size
 Low cost
in power converters and electric machines
9
Power Electronics – Major Objectives
 Accommodate variability of source

 Matching the specifications
 Power conditioning
 Regulation
 Power flow control
Power Electronics
 Topology
 Modulation
 Control
 Semiconductor devices
Merits …
 Better efficiency curve
 Nearly dc input current
 Better source utilization
 Reduced current stress and low conduction loss in
semiconductor devices
 Integrated boost feature reduce transformer size (voltage
gain applications)
 No issues like duty cycle loss, secondary ringing (rectifier
diode voltage stress), secondary snubber requirements
 High performance over wide source voltage and power
capacity variation
12
Converter Classification…
 Isolated and Non-isolated Converters

 Singe-ended and Double-ended Converters
 Hard-switching and Soft-switching Converters
 Voltage-fed and Current-fed Converters
 Low frequency and High-frequency Converters
 Pulsewidth Modulated (PWM) and Resonant Converters
13
Basic Topologies: Non-isolated
Buck converter: Vo < Vin
Boost converter: Vo >Vin
Buck-boost converter:
Vo < Vin for d < 0.5
Vo > Vin for d > 0.5
14
Single-ended topologies
15
Voltage-fed Isolated Topologies
Voltage-fed full-bridge converter
Voltage-fed half-bridge converter
Voltage-fed push-pull converter

16
Output Filter…(C)
Iin
D1 D3
S1 C1 S3 C3 DR1 DR3 Io
Cin +
Vin Ls iLs Co RL Vo
-
D2 D4 nt:1
DR2 DR4
S2 C2 S 4 HF Tr
C4
Capacitive filters: Higher peak currents

(Higher with higher voltage difference).
Suitable for high voltage low current applications
17
Output Filter…(L)
Iin
D1 D3
S1 C1 S 3 C3 DR1 DR3 Io
Cin +
Vin Ls iLs Co RL Vo
-
D2 D4 nt:1
DR2 DR4
S2 C2 S4 HF Tr
C4
Inductive filters: Lower peak currents.

Suitable for high voltage low current applications
Suffers from the problem of duty cycle loss, rectifier diode ringing
Needs secondary snubber
18
Output Filter…(L or C)
Choice ??
Inductive filter or capacitive filter ?

Must choose carefully-application
I(L1)
I(D1) I(D2)
60
3
40
2.5
20
2
0
1.5
-20
1
-40
0.5
-60 0
I(MOS1) VP3
60 30
40 20
20 10
0 0
-20 -10
-40 -20
-60 -30
0.02702 0.027025 0.02703 0.027035 0.02704 0.02702 0.027025 0.02703 0.027035 0.02704
Time (s) Time (s)
19
Duty Cycle Loss
I(L1)
60
40
The current through the
inductor cannot be changed
20
instantaneously.
-20
-40
-60
Transfer leakage inductance

I(MOS1)
60
will cause slow change in the

40
20
direction.
0
-20
-40
-60
0.02702 0.027025 0.02703 0.027035 0.02704

Time (s)
The ‘zero’ voltage duration

I(D1) I(D2)
2.5
2
over a HF cycle is called
1.5
1
Duty Cycle Loss.
0.5
Higher value of transformer

0
VP3
30
20
leakage inductance will cause
10
0
higher Duty Cycle Loss.
-10
-20
Needs to increase transformer
-30 turns ratio to compensate
0.02702 0.027025 0.02703 0.027035 0.02704 20
Time (s)
Rectifier Diode Ringing
Iin
D1 D3
S1 C1 S 3 C3 DR1 DR3 Io
Cin +
Vin Ls iLs Co RL Vo
-
D2 D4 nt:1
DR2 DR4
S2 C2 S 4 HF Tr
C4
The transformer leakage inductance and the diode parallel capacitance (of the
order of pF) resonates.
Voltage ringing/stress needing overrated devices with higher cost and Rds,on.
Otherwise needs external snubber to clamp the diode voltage.
21
Current-fed Isolated Topologies
Current-fed full-bridge converter
Current-fed half-bridge converter
Current-fed push-pull converter 22
• Short circuit protection
• Voltage gain (10x with voltage doubler)
• Limits peak and circulating current
• High Voltage Gain High current applications
• Inductor Reliability vs Capacitor
23
Load Side (Secondary) or Rectifier Topologies
24
Fundamental issue with Current-fed
Isolated Topologies
Short-circuit protection
Current limiting
Device voltage spike/overshoot at device commutation (turn-off)
Needs snubber, either active-clamp or passive to absorb the voltage

spike and clamp the device voltage.
L iin D1 D3
S1 DR1 DR3
Io
C1 S3 C3 +
Co
Cin A
Vin ilk Llk
RL Vo
B
D2 D4 1:n DR
2 DR4 -
S2 C2 S4 C4 HF Tr
25
Snubbers , a traditional solution
D
D
R
R
C C C
R
(a) (b) (c)
R S
C D
D
D
C C
L
(d) (e) (f)
Snubbers for suppressing the voltage spike: (a) Dissipative RC snubber, (b)-(d) Dissipative RCD
snubber, (e) Non-dissipative energy recovery LC snubber, and (f) active-clamping snubber.
26
Snubbers, a traditional solution
L
L
Dau2
Vin Lau Sau S1 S3 D1 D3
HF Tr RL + Vin
Fuel Cin Lau S1 S3 D1 D3
HF Tr RL +
Cell Cau Auxiliary Co Vo Fuel Cin
Dau1 Circuit - Cell Cau Auxiliary Co Vo
Circuit
S2 S4 D2 D4 Sau -
S2 S4 D2 D4
L L
Auxiliary Dau2
Vin S1 Circuit S3 D1 D3 Vin Dau1 S1 S3 D1 D3
HF Tr RL + Dau3 HF Tr RL +
Fuel Cin Sau1 Fuel Cin
Co Vo Cell Lau Auxiliary Co Vo
Cell Circuit
Cau Cau -
- Sau S2 S4 D2 D4
S2 Sau2 S
4
D2 D4
27
High Frequency Power Converters
• Low voltage and medium power applications
• High switching frequency
• Soft-switching
• Compact, low cost, light weight
28
High frequency Converters
- High density power electronics system
- Low Cost
- Light weight
29
Power Electronics
Major portion of volume, cost, and weight is covered by

heat sink, magnetics and filters.
Reduced size of:
• Magnetics
• Filters
• Passive Components
31
Hard Switching
Overlap of device voltage and device current during switching
transition results into switching losses that is proportional to
device switching frequency.
D
vSW iSW
Switch Voltage
Db Cs
& Currents
G
S
Switch turn-on Switch turn-off
Switching
Power Loss
Turn-on loss Turn-off loss
32
Effect of High Switching Frequency
1. Switching Frequency = 100 kHz:
Switching losses = 1%; Conduction losses = 2%
Transformer, filter losses = 1%
Efficiency = 96%
2. Switching Frequency = 1 MHz:
Switching losses = 10%; Conduction losses = 3%
Transformer, filter losses = 1%
Efficiency = 86%
Low Efficiency
Large and Heavy Heat Sink
Reduced Source Utilization
33
Soft-switching
To realize compact, low cost, light weight converter
vsw isw
Switch Voltage & Zero-voltage
Current
switching (ZVS)
Gating Signal vgate
D
Db Cs
G
isw vsw
S
Switch Voltage &
Current
Gating Signal
vgate Zero-current
switching (ZCS)
34
35
Soft-switching is realized and implemented by
1. Modulation Technique (PWM Converters)

2. Auxiliary Transition Circuit (ZCT and ZVT)
3. Resonance (Resonant Converters)
4. Resonance Impulse Converters (partial or short term
resonance)
36
Modulation Technique (PWM Converters)
-Simple control to implement
Auxiliary Transition Circuit

-Additional components including switches and driver
- Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) and Zero Current Transition (ZCT)
Resonance (Resonant Converters)

- Design is tricky
- Optimization is needed
- Analysis and control is relatively complex
- Peak and circulating currents
37
Resonant Topologies
Series resonant converter
Parallel resonant converter
Series parallel resonant converter 38
Resonant Converters
 Optimize tank kVA rating
 Optimize gain
 Optimize device (switch) rms current
 Device switching frequency variation range for voltage
regulation and load current control
39
Possible Tank Configurations
 Series LC
 Parallel LC
 Series Parallel LCC
 Series Parallel LCLC
 Modified series LCL
 Modified series LLC
 Series LCL-T
40
LC Series LCL Modified Series
LC Parallel
LCLC Series Parallel
LCC Series Parallel LCL-T
41
42
43

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Concordia University

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Report (in IEEE double column format, maximum 10 pages) – 15 April

2 members maximum in 1 group.

o Email/Call for appointment (after office hours)

o Swati Tandon (Swati)

*Will announce the venue and timings through moodle.

 Accommodate variability of source

 Isolated and Non-isolated Converters

Buck converter: Vo < Vin

Boost converter: Vo >Vin

Voltage-fed full-bridge converter

Voltage-fed half-bridge converter

Voltage-fed push-pull converter

Capacitive filters: Higher peak currents

Inductive filters: Lower peak currents.

Inductive filter or capacitive filter ?

Transfer leakage inductance

will cause slow change in the

0.02702 0.027025 0.02703 0.027035 0.02704

The ‘zero’ voltage duration

Higher value of transformer

Current-fed full-bridge converter

Current-fed half-bridge converter

Current-fed push-pull converter 22

Needs snubber, either active-clamp or passive to absorb the voltage

(d) (e) (f)

Major portion of volume, cost, and weight is covered by

Switch turn-on Switch turn-off

Turn-on loss Turn-off loss

1. Modulation Technique (PWM Converters)

Auxiliary Transition Circuit

Resonance (Resonant Converters)

Series resonant converter

Parallel resonant converter

Series parallel resonant converter 38

LCLC Series Parallel

LCC Series Parallel LCL-T

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