Personality

What is Personality?
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts
and interacts with others……… Gordon Allport

Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behavior.
 Determinants of Personality

 Personality Factors : Heredity, Brain function,

physical stature
 Biological Factors : Age, Gender, Ability.
 Cultural factors: Influence of practices,
ethnicity, religious customs.
 Family factors: Socialization, Identification.
 Situational factors: Reactions which comes
instantly for certain events and situations.
 Theories of Personality

Psychoanalytical theory
Type theories
Trait theories
Self theory
Social learning theory
 Psychoanalytical theory

 Propounded
Psychoanalytical theory
 A psychoanalyst from
Austria – born 1856, died
1939.
 The most influential and
one of the most
controversial figures of the
field of psychology of the
20th century.
Sigmund Freud
According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of
personality.
Personality is composed of three elements-known
as
ID
EGO
SUPER-EGO
 The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed,
and insecure (negative).

Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.
Myers-
Briggs
Sixteen
Primary
Traits
 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
• •Extroverted
Extrovertedvs.
vs.Introverted
Introverted(E(Eor
orI)I)
• •Sensing
Sensingvs.
vs.Intuitive
Intuitive(S
(Sor
orN)
N)
• •Thinking
Thinkingvs.
vs.Feeling
Feeling(T
(Tor
orF)
F)
• •Judging
Judgingvs.
vs.Perceiving
Perceiving(P(Por
orJ)J)
 Major Personality Traits Influencing OB

Locus of control

Machiavellianism

Self-esteem

Self-monitoring

Risk taking

Authoritarianism
 Locus of Control
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they
are masters of their own fate.

Internals
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.

Externals
Individuals who believe that
what happens to them is
controlled by outside forces
such as luck or chance.
 Machiavellianism

Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic and
maintains emotional distance.

HIGH
HIGHMACHS
MACHS
••Comfortable
Comfortableiningetting
gettingmore
morethan
than
deserved
deserved
••Believe
Believethat
thatDeceit
Deceitisisaanatural
natural
and
andaccepted
acceptedtotoachieve
achievegoal.
goal.
••Seldom
Seldomtrust
trustcoworkers
coworkers
••Use
Useinfluence
influencetactics
tactics
 Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring
Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals’ degree of liking
or disliking themselves.

Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures
an individuals ability to adjust
his or her behavior to external,
situational factors.
 Risk-Taking

 High Risk-taking Managers

 Make quicker decisions
 Use less information to make decisions

 Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial

organizations
 Low Risk-taking Managers
 Are slower to make decisions

 Require more information before making decisions

 Exist in larger organizations with stable environments

 Risk Propensity
 Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
 Different kinds of Managers

Theory X managers Theory Y managers

 Dislike and avoid work  Like their job and work is natural
 They must be controlled and  They do their job on their own.
monitored
 They always want to be directed
 They are self directed
 Avoids responsibility
 They seek responsibility
 Seeks security above everything
 They adopt traditional way of doing Accomplishing task is above everything


things  Highly creative and imaginative in

 They are always looking for external performing tasks
motivation to do task  They are self motivated and proactive
in nature.
 Personality Types
Type A’s
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B’s
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements
or accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.
 Personality Types

Proactive Personality
• Identifies opportunities
• Takes initiative
• Work till a meaningful
change occurs
• Never gets deterred by
constraints or obstacles.
 Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations
Relationships
among
Occupational
Personality
Types