3.

0 : WATER TREATMENT (6hours)

3.1 The Process Of Water Treatment System.
3.1.1 the process of water treatment
a. Physical process: Water intake, screens, mixing and flocculation,
sedimentation, and filtration (slow, rapid pressure filters)
b. Chemical process: Coagulation, softening, iron and manganese removal,
disinfection and miscellaneous.
3.1.2 conventional system, membrane filtration, adsorption and ion exchange
including arsenic removal, air stripping

3.2 Water Quality Standard

3.2.1 the standard for potable water quality according to World Health
Organization and Ministry of Health standard
3.2.2 the chlorine residue for water supply.

3.3 Design Criteria In The Water Treatment System.

3.3.1 treatment plant layout and site factor: Planning and environmental constraint
factor, plant design site factor, environmental factor
3.3.2 basic criteria for design water treatment plant components: flocculation tank,
sedimentation tank, filtration tank
3.1.1 The Process Of Water Treatment System..

3.1.1 a Waste Water Treatment Process

1. Physical Water Treatment Operations

In the physical unit operations physical forces are utilized in some water treatment
units for the removal of solid contaminants. The physical unit water treatment
operations are:
• water treatment Screening
• water treatment Mixing
• Water Treatment Flocculation
• Water Treatment Sedimentation
• water treatment Flotation
• water Treatment Filtration
 2 Chemical Water treatment Processes
 In chemical unit Water Treatment process the
removal or conversion of some solids, is brought
about by the addition of chemicals or by other
reactions. Common examples of chemical unit
water treatment process are:
• Gas transfer by aeration,
• Adsorption, and
• Disinfection
3.1 The Process Of Water Treatment
System..

i. Water intake (physical proses)

a. Coarse screening/trash
rack/bar screen – to remove
floating materials like woods,
plastic bottles, tree branches,
trash

b. Fine screening - to remove

small floating materials like
leaves, aquatic plants
PRILIMINARY SEDIMENTATION –isa physical water treatment process used to
settle out suspended solids in water under the influence of gravity; typical
retention time of 30-60 min
3.1 The Process Of Water Treatment
System..

i. Water intake (physical proses)

c. Grit removal/ micro
strainer –
i. using retention
reservoir/chamber to
slowly settle sand and
grit
ii. to remove algae, other
aquatic organisms,
and small debris that
can clog treatment
plant equipments
ii. Aeration (chemical process)

• Purposes are
i. To add oxygen
ii. Eliminate bad odor and unpleasant taste
iii. To dispel easy rusting characteristic from CO2
and oxidizing characteristic from Ferum and
Mangan

• Methods used
i. Spray aerator
• by shooting water to flat plate to
make water splashes or spray
droplets of water into the air
from moving or stationary
orifice or nozzles.

• The water raises either

vertically or at an angle and
falls onto a collecting apron, a
contact bed, or a collecting
basin.
ii. Gravity Aerator

• almost turbulence created from stairs down water flow such as

cascades and inclined planes/apron with riffle plates
iii. Diffuser

• compressed air is injected to make air bubbles from bed

basin using standard porous pipe

• Ascending air bubbles cause turbulence and provide

opportunity for exchange of volatile materials between air
bubbles and water
iv. Mechanical Aerator

• using either motor driven impellers or a combination of impeller

with air injection devices.
iii. Chlorination (Chemical process)

a. Chlorine is the chemical predominantly

used in the disinfection of potable water
supplies.

b. The first application of chlorine in potable

water treatment was for taste and odor
control in the 1830s.

c. At that time, diseases were thought to be Chlorine drum

transmitted by odor.

d. This false assumption led to chlorination

even before disinfection was understood.

e. Currently, chlorine is used as a primary

disinfectant in potable water treatment.

f. To remove Ferum, Mangan, H2S

g. To reduce bad taste, odor and algae,

(algae growth can cause clogging in pump
Chlorine flow meter
and filtration)
CLORINATION – BREAKPOINT

 Breakpoint: point at
which the chlorine
demand has been totally
satisfied – chlorine has
reacted with all reducing
agents, organics &
ammonia in water.
 When more chlorine
added to water past the
breakpoint, the chlorine
reacts with water &
forms HOCl acid.
v. Chemical mixing

a. A chemical/physical process of blending/mixing a coagulating

chemical into a water and then gently stirring the blended
mixture.

b. The over all purpose is to improve the “particulate size and

colloid” reduction efficiency of the subsequent settling/filtration
processes
Coagulation
Coagulant were mixed with raw water to produce a
floc

Floc absorbs and consolidate the mass of colloids

(clay & organic matter) and fine suspended solids
into larger size.

The main characteristic of coagulant / thickening

Ion charge + (ve)
non toxic
Not soluble in neutral pH
e.g Aluminium sulphate / alum, ferric chloride, ferric
sulphate

Factors that determine the dose of thickening

turbidity
Colour
pH (optimum level = 5.0 - 6.5); Set as caustic soda
added control
sedimentation / detention time
Water temperature (low temperature, slow floc
formation)

Test tube / jar test (for determining the optimal dose)

vi. Coagulation (Chemical process)

a. Coagulation is the process of destabilization of the charge

(predominantly negative) on suspended particulates and colloids.

b. The purpose of destabilization is to reduce repelling character of

the particles and allow them to become attached to other
particles so that they can be removed in subsequent processes.
(pH4)

c. The particulates in raw water are mainly clays, silts, viruses,

bacteria, fulvic and humic acids, minerals and organic particulates.

d. Coagulant chemicals will cause destabilization when added to

water at optimum dose.

e. Most coagulants are cationic in water such as alum (aluminum

sulfate), ferum sulfate (lime) and cationic organic polymers. (10 –
50 mg/l)
vi. Flocculation (Physical process)

a. Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized to make particles

and colloids settleable / filterable floc particles.

b. Flocculated particles may be small (<0.1 mm diameter) microflocs

or large, visible flocs (0.1 to 3.0 mm diameter).

c. Flocculation begins immediately after destabilization in the zone of

decaying mixing energy (downstream from the mixer) or as a result
of the turbulence of transporting flow.

d. Normally flocculation involves an intentional and defined process

of gentle stirring to enhance contact of destabilized particles and
to build floc particles of optimum size, density, and strength

e. Subsequently removed by settling/filtration

 iv. Sedimentation (Physical process)

a. Sedimentation is liquid-solid separation processes used in

water treatment.

b. In most conventional water

treatments plants, the majority
of the suspended solids removal
above 900 mg/l is accomplished
by sedimentation.

c. Modern new water treatment

plants are using continuous
sludge removal equipment.
 Primary sedimentation
The main factor = 0.3 - 0.6 m / s
To accumulate the floc mass under the
influence of gravity

Contain a floating & suspended matter,

bacteria (65-90%) and viruses

Sludge (sludge) must be treated before

being disposed

3 methods of sediment process:

1.Normal deposition - by gravity without
chemicals
2.Deposition by chemicals - forming floc
thickening
3.Trapped with clarifier equipment (clarifier)
 Primary sedimentation
(cont.)

The types of sedimentation tanks:

Horizontal flow tanks
Radial-flow tank
Upward flow tank
The spiral flow tanks
DAF (dissolved Air Flotation) - create
scum (frothiness sludge)
vii. Dissolved Air Floatation (Physical process)

a. process that clarifies water by the removal of suspended matter

b. The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water under pressure

and then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in a flotation
tank/basin.

c. The released air forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the suspended
matter causing the suspended matter to float to the surface of the
water where it may then be removed by a skimming device
viii. Filtration (Physical process)

a. Filtration is the most reliable water treatment process to remove

particulate material, suspended or colloidal impurities from
water.

b. Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation are used to assist

the filtration process to function more effectively.

c. The coagulation and settling processes have become so effective

that some times filtration may not be necessary.

d. The water leaving the sedimentation tank still contains floc

particles.

e. 2 elements of filtration
i. filtration rate
ii. driving force
 (i) filtration rate

type slow sand filters rapid filters high rate filters

Hydraulic < 10 120 > 240

application rate
(m3/m2/day.)
filter medium certified sand bed concrete or steel basins filled
with gravel bed
When the the bed is the backwash water used to
medium dewatered, and the clean the filter bed.
becomes upper layer of the
clogged sand is removed,
washed, and
replaced.
FILTERS CLEANING -

AIR SCOUR
Air is blown into the filter media from bottom-up at a certain
speed to to remove suspended particles accumulated within
the media.
Normal rate is 20 m3 / h within 3 minutes.

BACKWASH
Water is pumped into the filter from the bottom-up until
the water is clean.
Normal rate is 20 m3 / h and is repeated in 5 minutes.
 ii. driving force
Gravity filter require two to three meters of Pressure filters usually require a higher
head and are housed in open concrete or head and are contained in enclosed steel
steel tanks. pressure vessels.

• The major differences between gravity and pressure filters are the head required to
force the water thought the media bed and the type of vessel used to contain the filter
unit.

• Because of the cost of constructing large pressure vessels, pressure filters typically are
used only on small water purification plants; gravity filters are used on both large and
small systems.
3.1.1 b Chemical process for water treatment

i. Ferum and Mangan Removal

i. Ferum
• can make water appearance red/yellow, create brown or black
stains, and give off an easily detectable metallic taste.
• cause aesthetic and operational problems, such as bad taste
and color,
• deposition in the water distribution system and cause turbidity.

ii. Manganese is toxic.

v. 4 types of removal
a. Aeration – from dissolved form to insoluble form
b. Oxidation – using KMnO4
c. Ion exchange – using mangan zeolit
d. chlorination
Additional Water Treatment Technique

•Removal of iron / ferum and manganese

•softening
•disinfectened
•Fluoride added
•pH adjustment (7 – 8.5)
2. Chemical process for water treatment
ii. Water softening
•Method to reduce the effects of hard water.

•Hardness salts are deposited in water systems because

of ion calcium/magnesium carbonate.

•Water with high concentrations of hardness salts can

be treated with soda ash Sodium carbonate which
precipitates out the excess salts,
2. Chemical process for water treatment
ii. Water softening

• Lime softening – just for Calcium in carbonate form.

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H20

• Excessive Lime softening - just for Calcium in carbonate form

Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2H20 + MgCO3
at pH 11, MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3

• Soda Caustic softening – for all hardness of Calcium

CaSO4 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + Na2SO4

• Excessive Soda Caustic softening - for all hardness of

Magnesium
 Fluoridation
Recommended dose: 0.4 - 0.6 mg / l (ppm)
Materials: “Sodium fluoride & Sodium
Silicofluoride’
Function: to reduce tooth decay especially for
children

pH Adjustment / Coagulation

• Hydrated lime is widely used to adjust the pH of

water to prepare it for further treatment.
•Lime is also used to combat "red water" by
neutralizing the acid water, thereby reducing
corrosion of pipes and mains from acid waters.
•The corrosive waters contain excessive amounts of
carbon dioxide. Lime precipitates the CO2 to form
calcium carbonate, which provides a protective
coating on the inside of water mains.

Hydrated lime silo

2. Chemical process for water treatment
iii. Disinfection
a. Ozoning
• powerful oxidant (3000x than chlorine and 50% more
powerful)

• React to reduce inorganic and organic compound.

• Oxygen atom from ozone is added to the compound.

• To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on-

site and added to the water by bubble contact.

• the advantages of ozone are fewer dangerous by-

products and reduce taste and odor problem very
great.

• the main disadvantages of ozone is that it leaves no

disinfectant residual in the water.

• Means, it cannot treat pathogen penetration in water

distribution after process.
2. Chemical process for water treatment
iii. Disinfection
b. Irradiation with Ultra violet
• This process left no residue
• Effective to kill viruses and bacteria's
• Effective wavelengths of 2000 to 3000 Angstroms
• Can be generated from low pressure mercury
lamps.

b. Chlorination
• Use widely, cheap, 7000mg/l solubility –
• easy to use, effective and left residue to protect
from pathogen penetration
• Toxic – need proper and strict handling
• With ammonia – produce combined chlorine
residue
- NH2Cl, NHCl2 and NCl3
• Without ammonia – produce free chlorine residue
- OCl--1
2. Chemical process for water treatment
iv. pH adjustment

• pH adjustment can be done by:

• addition of acidic solutions e.g
hydrated lime to the water
• the addition of alkaline solutions to
the water; placing solid alkaline
materials (e.g., marble or dolomitic
material) in contact with the water
• blowing air into the water, or spraying
water into the air (to drive off carbon
dioxide).
• pH adjustment is used to achieve the
required condition of treated water.
3.2 Understand Water Quality Standard

1. STANDARD WHO, 1971 GUIDELINE FOR DRINKING WATER

Parameter Highest Concentration

1. Total solid (mg/l) 500
2. Color (cobalt scale) 5
3. Turbidity (NTU) 5
4. Ferum / Iron (mg/l) 0.3
5. Arsenic (mg/l) 0.05
6. Manganese (mg/l) 0.1
7. Cyanide (mg/l) 0.2
8. Copper (mg/l) 1
9. Zink (mg/l) 5
10.Plumbum / lead (mg/l) 0.05
11.Calcium (mg/l) 75
12.Magnesium (mg/l) 50
13.Sulfate (mg/l) 200
14.Chloride (mg/l) 200
15.Phenol (mg/l) 0.001
16.Alkilbenzil sulfonate (mg/l) 0.5
17.Carbon chloroform extract (mg/l) 0.2
18.Hardness (mg/l) 200
3.2 Understand Water Quality Standard

2. SIGNIFICANCE OF CHLORINE RESIDUE TEST AND

BACTERIA TEST FOR DRINKING WATER

i. To ensure water supply is adequately clear and

fully chlorinated

ii. To ensure water supply is examined within time

interval

iii. To identify the possible contamination point in

plant and during distribution
 WHAT HAPPEN IF WATER IS NOT TREATED PROPERLY ?

UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS OF IRON AND

MANGANESE
 Iron and manganese are non-
hazardous elements that can be a
nuisance in a water supply.
 Iron and manganese are chemically
similar and cause similar problems.
 Iron is the most frequent of the two
contaminants in water supplies ;
manganese is typically found in iron-
bearing water. Iron and manganese
can stain laundry, plates, and fixtures.
WHAT HAPPEN IF WATER IS NOT TREATED PROPERLY ?
Iron and manganese are common metallic
elements found in the earth's crust. Water
percolating through soil and rock can dissolve
minerals containing iron and manganese and
hold them in solution. Occasionally, iron pipes
also may be a source of iron in water.
 WHAT HAPPEN IF WATER IS NOT TREATED PROPERLY ?

 Iron and manganese can affect the flavor

and color of food and water.
 Iron will cause reddish-brown staining of
laundry, porcelain, dishes, utensils and
even glassware.
 Manganese acts in a similar way but
causes a brownish-black stain. Soaps
and detergents do not remove these
stains, and use of chlorine bleach and
alkaline builders (such as sodium and
carbonate) may intensify the stains.
 Iron and manganese deposits will build up
in pipelines, pressure tanks, water heaters
and water softeners.
 This reduces the available quantity and
pressure of the water supply.
 Iron and manganese accumulations
become an economic problem when water
supply or water softening equipment must
be replaced.
 There also are associated increases in
energy costs from pumping water through
constricted pipes or heating water with
heating rods coated with iron or
manganese mineral deposits
 A problem that frequently results from iron or manganese in water is iron or
manganese bacteria. These nonpathogenic (not health threatening) bacteria
occur in soil, shallow aquifers and some surface waters.
 The bacteria feed on iron and manganese in water. These bacteria form red-
brown (iron) or black-brown (manganese) slime in toilet tanks and can clog
water systems.
 BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS
 It is a method of analysing water to estimate the
numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out
what sort of bacteria they are.

 It represents one aspect of water quality.

 It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses

samples of water and from these samples determines
the concentration of bacteria.

 It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability

of the water for use from these concentrations.

 This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm

that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing
and recreational waters are safe to use.
 3. CHLORINE AND ALUM DOSAGE
CALCULATION

Chlorine Dosage Calculation

Chlorine used for 20,000 m3/day water treatment is
estimated at 8.0 kg / day. Chlorine residue after 10
minutes of contact is 0.2mg/l. Calculate the chlorine dose
and the chlorine need in the water.
1 kg = 1,000,000 mg
1 m3 = 1000 liter

chlorine dose, = 8.0 kg/day = 0.4 mg/l

20,000 m3/day

chlorine need, = (0.4 – 0.2) mg/l = 0.2 mg/l

 3. CHLORINE AND ALUM DOSAGE
CALCULATION

Chlorine Weight Calculation

10 mg/l chlorine dose is used for 36,400 m3/day water
treatment to have 0.5 mg/l free chlorine residue. Calculate
the chlorine weight need for one day.

chlorine weight = 36,400 m3/day x 10mg/l = 364 kg/day

1 kg = 1,000,000 mg
1 m3 = 1000 liter
 3. CHLORINE AND ALUM DOSAGE CALCULATION

ALUM (Aluminium Potasium Sulfate / tawas) Dosage Calculation

Sultan Idris II Water Treatment Plant, has settling tanks equipped
with sludge removal operation to treat the raw water of 200 million
liters / day. Calculate the dose of alum required if the plant uses
about 400 tons per year.

1 year alum dose = 400 tonnes = 400 X 1000kg = 4.00 X 105 kg

1 day alum dose = (4.00 X 105 kg)/ 365 days = 1095.89 kg /d

Raw water discharge = 200 x 106 litre

So, 1 day alum dose is = 1095.89 kg/200 x 106 litre = 5.48 mg/l
 3. CHLORINE AND ALUM DOSAGE CALCULATION

Alum and Chlorine Dosage Calculation

From Water Treatment Plant given data
• Raw water flow rate = 95000 liters/hour
• Alum flow rate = 35 liters/hour
• Chlorine flow rate = 20 liters/hour
• [Alum] = 5%
• [CHLORINE] = 0.5%

Determine
1. alum and chlorine dose for every 500,000 liter of water
2. alum and chlorine need per day if plant operating for 24 hours
 2.3 RAW WATER AND DRINKING WATER QUALITY
3. CHLORINE AND ALUM DOSAGE CALCULATION

• Raw water flow rate = 95000 litre/hour

• Time to flow 500,000 litre of water

• Time is = 500,000 litre = 5.2632 hour

Alum weight = 4.5 kg/L
95,000 litre/hour
Chlorine weight = 4.5 kg/L
• For alum
alum need for 500,000 litre = 5.2632 hour X 35 litre/hour
= 184.21 litre

if [Alum] = 5%, actual alum need = 5% X 184.21 litre

= 9.211 litre

and alum weight for 500,000 litre = 9.211 litre X 4.5kg

= 41.45 kg

so, alum dose = 41.45kg / 500,000 litre = 82.9 mg/l

FOR 24 HOUR, ALUM WEIGHT = 24HOUR x 41.45KG = 189.012 KG

5.263 HOUR
 2.3 RAW WATER AND DRINKING WATER QUALITY
3. CHLORINE AND ALUM DOSAGE CALCULATION

• Raw water flow rate = 95000 litre/hour

• Time to flow 500,000 litre of water

• Time is = 500,000 litre = 5.2632 hour

95,000 litre/hour

• For chlorine
chlorine need for 500,000 litre = 5.2632 hour X 20 litre/hour
= 105.263 litre

if [chlorine] = 0.5%, actual chlorine need = 0.5% X 105.263 litre

= 0.5263 litre

and chlorine weight for 500,000 litre = 0.5263 litre X 4.5kg

= 2.3684 kg

so, chlorine dose = 2.3684kg / 500,000 litre = 4.73 mg/l

FOR 24 HOUR, CHLORINE WEIGHT = 24HOUR x 2.3684 KG = 10.8KG

5.263 HOUR
MEMBRANE
FILTRATION
membrane filtration
ION EXCHANGE
AIR STRIPPING
2.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
1. PLANT LOCATION FACTORS

i. Water intake location and supply area

• Distance from intake
• Height for pump
• Can supply directly at low cost, energy

ii. Hydraulic consideration

• Using sloping land to minimize energy cost

iii. Key terrain and ground water level

• Avoid rocky soil, swampy soil and high
ground water level soil to avoid high
construction cost

iv. Land availablity

• Under local authorities for development area

v. Accesibility to plant
• easy access for power and communication
• The nearest possible for workers to have
social need
• Supply for equipments and plant need
2.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
2. DESIGN BASIS
• Optimum for capital and operation cost

• Must consider population projection, planning period and future plant

expansion

• Components layout for minimum cost but operating effectively like water
intake, electricity house, chemical storage and water storage
2.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
2. DESIGN BASIS (cont)

• Operation and control must be near at the control station

• Plant inspection and can be done by workers without having much trouble

• All chemical mixing should be installed on corrosion resistant storage

• All chemical feed equipment shall be designed to meet the maximum dosage
requirements for the design conditions.

• All slurry conduits shall be accessible for cleaning, inspection and maintenance.
2.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
3. Environment factor
• must meet the need for an
environmental impact assessment (EIA)
report under the Environmental Quality
(Prescribed Activities) (Environmental
Impact Assessment) Order 1897 and
Section 34A for the Environmental Quality
Act 1974

• Consideration must be given to minimize

any potential bad effect to environmental

• Compliance with planning requirements

of law and people need must be fulfilled.

• Some potential adverse effects are:

i. air pollution from any gas leak and
dust
ii. noise pollution during operation
iii. sludge disposal work