A SEMINAR ON

ADVANCED
TRIBOLOGY
BY

RAGHAVENDRA.K
 OVERVIEW

 Introduction.
 Types of Wear.
 Parameters affecting friction and wear.
 Friction and Wear measuring instruments.
 Lubrication and its importance.
 Micro/Nanotribology and its Applications.
 Case study in Tribology.
 Definition

 TRIBOLOGY is the science and

technology of interacting surfaces in
relative motion and of related subjects and
practices.(mainly in the field of friction,
wear and lubrication.).
 Tribology deals with technology of
lubrication, friction control, wear prevention
of surfaces having relative motion under load.
 Introduction
 The main Aspects of Tribology are:
* The effect of environment on surface
characteristics through physio-chemical
interactions.
* The force generation and transmission b/w
the surfaces in contact.
* The behavior of material near the surface to
the eternal force acting at the contact points
of the surface.
 Description
 The first two aspects of Tribology is mainly
used to solve the boundary lubrication
problems.

 The third aspect of Tribology deals with the

macroscopic deformation of the surfaces
and transmission of forces involved b/w the
two mating surfaces.
 Industrial significance of
Tribology
 Tribology is crucial to modern machinery, mainly
in the field of sliding and rolling surfaces.
 In case of friction in brakes, clutches, driving
wheels on trains and automobiles, bolts and nuts.
 In case of wear while writing with a pencil,
machining, polishing and shaving.
 Also in the case of unproductive friction and wear
are internal combustion and aircraft engines,
gears, cams, bearings, and seals.
 Friction
 Friction is a type of resistance force
developed between two surfaces in
contact or in motion.
 There are mainly three types of
friction: Static Friction, Kinetic and
Rolling Friction.
 Description
 The resistance developed b/w surfaces due to
interlocking of the irregularities is known as Static
Friction.
 The resistance developed b/w surfaces in relative
motion is known as Kinetic Friction.
 Rolling Friction comes into picture while a rolling
wheel requires a certain amount of friction so that
it does not slip with the surface in contact.
 Types of Wear
 Wear is defined as the removal of
material from the solid surface because
of mechanical action.
 The main types of Wear are:Adhesive
Wear, Abrasive Wear, Corrosive Wear,
& Surface Fatigue Wear.
 Adhesive Wear occurs when two smooth
bodies slid over each other, and fragments
pulled off when one surface adheres to
other.This type of wear arises form the
strong adhesive forces set up whenever
atoms come into intimate contact.
 Abrasive Wear mechanism is basically the
same as machining, grinding, polishing or
lapping that are used for shaping materials.
 Corrosive Wear occurs when sliding
takes place in a corrosive environment.
 Surface Fatigue Wear operates on the
principle that, as sliding, rolling or
impacting occurs repeatedly under
same operating conditions material
wear the surface experiences cyclic
stress.These cyclic stresses initiate
cracks which grow up to form wear.
Parameters affecting Friction and
Wear.
 Sliding Speed(m/s).
 Normal Load(N).
 Frictional Force(F).
 Specific Wear Rate(mm).
 Temperature(0C).
 Sliding distance(Km).
 Disc surface finish(microns).
 Friction and Wear measuring
Instruments.
 The main instrument used to measure
friction and wear is The Tribometer.
 The main types of Tribometers used are,
Pin-on disc Tribometer (friction co-ff).
Ball Cratering Tester (thick of coatings).
NST- Nano Scratch Tester (characterization of
ultra films).
 Pin-on-disc Tribometer
 1. LVDT for wear
measurements.
 2. LVDT setting screw.
 3. Cantilever loading
beam.
 4. Load cell.
 5. Frictional load cell.
 6. Pin.
7. Hardened steel disc
 Lubrication and its Importance
 The distribution of an ungent over the
rubbing surfaces to reduce friction and thus
heating is called Lubrication.This occurs
when opposing surfaces are separated by a
lubricant film.
 Lubrication is classified into three major
categories.Hydrodynamic,Elastohydrodyna-
-mic and Boundary Lubrications.
 In case of Hydrodynamic Lubrication,
the opposing surfaces are completely
separated-like aquaplaning on a road.
 In Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, the
opposing surfaces are completely separated
and the solid bodies deformed by a major
load.
 In Boundary Lubrication, the bodies are
not entirely separated.
 Types of Lubricants and its
Importance
 The main types of Lubricants are:
Solid Lubricants(eg:Graphite, Mica, Soap
Stone, Talc, French chalk etc.,).
Liquid Lubricants(eg:Mineral Oil, Animal
and Vegetable Oil, and Synthetic Oil).
Semi liquid Lubricants(eg:Aluminium
Base greases, Calcium or Lime Based
Grease, Mixed Base Grease).
 The main aim of using Lubricants is to:
* Reduce Friction and Wear.
* To carry out heat of friction.
* To control corrosion by coating parts with
a protective film.
* In metal working it is used to flush metal
chips.
* In automobile engines detergent is added
to the lubricant to remove sludge
deposites.
 Advanced Tribology
-Micro/Nano Tribology.
 Micro-Tribology is nothing but the study
carried at an atomic level.i.e.,In the range
from angstrom to nanometer resolution.
These approaches are expected to be
applied in solving problems in Tribology for
the ordinary scale environment as well as
for the micromachine environment.
"Nano-Tribology" Study Reveals a Molecular
Basis of Friction.
 Atomic Force Microscopy for
Nano Tribology Applications:
 In industries of semiconductor and data storage.
 Tribological studies help optimize polishing
processes and lubrication of data storage
substrates.
 This is also used in the field of development of
lubricants for the adhesion of nanometer layers
(mono layers) to a material surface.
 Direct 3D visualization of wear tracks, or scars on
a surface.
 Atomic Force Microscopy for
Nano Tribology Applications:
 Measurement of the thickness and frictional
forces of solid and liquid lubricants having
nanometer scale.
 Evaluation of mechanical properties such
as hardness, elasticity, plastic deformation
at the nanometer scale.
 3D view using AFM
 Three-dimensional atomic
force microscope (AFM)
image of a polish mark on
a piece of steel. The scan
range in X and Y is 3
micrometers and the entire
Z range is 40 nanometers.
 AFM using Ellipsometers.

Metrological study of a scratch mark in the surface of a polished

material (stainless steel). Because the AFM directly measures
3D data, the depth of the scratch mark is easily quantified.In
this case the mark is 8.6 nm deep.
 Friction force Microscopy.

Video optical microscope image of a silicon

surface coated with a lubricant. Force/Position
curves were measured at locations on the
surface indicated with the letters A, B, and C.
 Frictional Force images using
FFM.

Striation marks derived from a change in

chemical composition at the surface.
 Surface feature and
NanoIndentation using AFM.

(A) AFM image of a metal bonding pad on a

semiconductor device (B) Use of the AFM to
measure line roughness of a polymer sample
(C) AFM image of polished silicon and the area
roughness of the silicon.
Three-dimensional view of Nano indents in a
material surface.From the AFM image it is
possible to see the depth of the indentation
as will as visualizing the lateral deformation.
 Applications of Tribology.
 The main application of Tribology is in
bearing design but extends into other
almost any aspect of modern
Technology.
 Used to analyze parts in dynamic
conditions.
For eg: In analyzing slide way in
Lathe.
 Applications of Tribology.
 In analyzing conveyors.
 It is also used even in unlikely areas as hair
conditioners and cosmetics such as lipstick,
powders and lip-gloss.
 It is also used in Hip implantations and
other artificial prosthesis.
Case Study - Choosing a Rolling
mill lubricant
 The main aim-To select a lubricant for
obtaining optimum results.
 The Requirement-Sheet cleanliness (total
carbon and top and bottom iron surface
residuals).
 Approach-An anova was used to determine
the significant shift in average results.
Process Ppk Ppm Pp (stream) Cp # Out / # Tested
Old Furnace Baseline (Animal Fat) 0.92 0.66 0.97 1.08 4 / 436
New Furnace Baseline (Animal Fat) 0.59 0.54 0.75 1.78 3 / 34
Old Furnace Vendor 1 1.32 0.68 1.38 1.8 0 / 66
New Furnace Vendor 1 1.03 0.56 1 1.05 0 / 22
Old Furnace Vendor 2 1.32 0.78 1.46 2.09 0 / 94
New Furnace Vendor 2 1.84 0.75 2.11 2.11 0 / 14
Old Furnace Vendor 3 0.96 0.71 0.97 1.63 2 / 94

New Furnace Vendor 3 1.02 0.63 1.03 1.32 0 / 20

Old Furnace Vendor 4 Formula 1 0.42 0.51 0.46 1.14 7 / 78

New Furnace Vendor 4 Formula 1 0.17 0.35 0.16 0.19 2 / 9
Old Furnace Vendor 4 Formula 2 1.15 0.59 1.5 1.81 0 / 7

New Furnace Vendor 4 Formula 2 ~0 0.26 ~ 0 0.19 7 / 10

Result-Vendor 1’s formulation was selected to obtain nearest results.

Thank you