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Albert Einstein
Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go
through it, you don't understand it at all. The second time you
go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or
two small points. The third time you go through it, you know
you don't understand it, but by that time you are so used to
it, it doesn't bother you any more.
Arnold Sommerfeld
This is the realm of thermodynamics!
Oxford Instruments: Dilution refrigerator insert
T = 10 mK
B = 15 T
From Helsinki Univ. Archive
1016 K 1 TeV High Energy Physics
1013 K 1 GeV
1010 K 1 MeV
Nuclear Physics
107 K 1 KeV
104 K 1 eV
Life and Chemistry
10-2 K
1 meV
Thermodynamics ignores microscopic details
Examples:
• Heat always flows spontaneously from a hot
object to a cold object, never the other way
around (cf arrow of time)
• The maximum possible efficiency of an engine,
working over a given temperature range is
independent of the working substance (steam,
air, compost …).
• Liquids always boil more readily at lower
pressure.
Convert heat into motion (work).
Heat Work
DEMO Stirling Engine
Phase transitions
Classical Mechanics
•Concerns the response of a solid body (or system of bodies) to forces.
Electrostatics (and dynamics)
Source
charges
Test charge
Classical Mechanics and Electrostatics
•You are usually stuck dealing with the vector calculus of vector functions
such as momentum, electric field, etc.. which depend on the variables x, y
and z, and often t as well, e.g.
• Dissipation
Ohms law breaks TRS
• Equilibrium systems
• Mathematics is different
P, V, T
F/A L3 Something to
do with heat