Presented by:

Emmanuel Jimenez Bacud, CSE, LPT, BA-MA Pol Sci

Saint Louis University
Department of Political and Social Sciences
 Final Term Course Contents:
1.) Nationalism and Patriotism in the
Philippine Context

2.) Political Moralism and Philippine Ideal

Governance

3.) Current Philippine Political Leadership

4.) Filipinos in the Era of Globalization:

Trends and Issues
Instructions:

1.) Group yourselves into 4 groups. Then, get an activity paper from your instructor.
2.) Analyze the following literary texts:
Group 1: Bonifacio’s Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
Group 2: Bonifacio’s Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
Group 3: Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya
Group 4: Claro M. Recto’s Economic Nationalism
3.) Analyze the assigned literary texts in terms of the following:
a.) Context (Why is it written)
b.) Content (What are the CORE IDEAS Provided)
c.) Continuing Relevance (How the ideas in the text are applicable in the current
era?)
DECONSTRUCTING
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
• Consolidated literatures of Harris (1953) Chen (2017)
Nationalism
• Sense of superiority based
on socio-political or socio-
cultural affiliation
• Nationalism caters the
practice of a “nation” or
“state superiority”
• Nationalism connotes blind
arrogance
Patriotism
• Sense of support for one’s
country because a person
feels pride in it
• Patriotism encompasses the
idea of loyalty and positive
feeling towards a country.
• Patriotism connotes sense
of responsibility
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS:

GENUINE FILIPINO
HOW? DEVELOPMENT

VARIOUS APPROACHES TO
DEVELOPMENT AND THE WHY?
WEAK PHILIPPINE STATE

Views on
WHAT? Nationalism
and Patriotism
 FILIPINO PERSPECTIVES ON
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

Nationalism= “sense of
belongingness”

Patriotism= “sense of
pride and courage to fight
for the country”
 LOOTABLE RESOURCES AND
POLITICAL VIRTUE:
The Economic Governance of Lee Kuan
Yew, Ferdinand Marcos and Chiang Kai-Shek
Compared
 Context of the Three Countries
Singapore Philippines Republic of China (Taiwan)

• 214 sq. miles and 1.8 • More promising • At lost in Mainland China
million inhabitants after developing countries from in 1949, Chiang Kai Shek
separating from Malaysia 1970s-1980s with a transferred the entire
• Today, ONE of the richest population of 26.6 million governing entity coalition
Nations in Asia • World’s SECOND of Nationalist China to
LARGEST PRODUCER Taiwan
OF GOLD After South • In Taiwan, the Chiang Kai
Africa through the Shek’s Koumintang
JOHNSON MATTHEY (KMT) became excellent
REFINERY which was in managing the state
set up in 1975. affairs
• Marcos, from 1977-1982
was in position to BUY
ALL THE GOLD MINED
AND REFINED IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Lee Kuan Yew Ferdinand Marcos Chiang Kai-Shek

• Epitome of Soft • Iron-fist governance • Corruption in

authoritarianism as legitimate Mainland China
(iron fist and velvet governance • Rampant cronyism
glove-governance) • Championed and class bias
• Balance of socialism private-sector led
and capitalism in growth with social
governance inclusiveness
• Created prosperity • Created an
for the people of impoverished
Singapore country
 • To maintain CONTROL IN ANY POLITICAL SYSTEM, leaders must offer
their supporters BETTER BENEFITS THAN POLITICAL CHALLENGERS
CAN CREDIBLY COMMIT TO PROVIDING.

Lee Kuan Yew Ferdinand Marcos Chiang Kai-Shek

• Attracted foreign • Cronyism • Contextualized

investments to boost • Patronage politics governance based on
economic development geographical attributes
• To provide political and and culture
social stability to
promote economic
development
Public Good as
Non-excludable – their enjoyment
cannot be restricted to a particular subset of the
population

Non-rivalrous- allows many citizens

to benefit from them simultaneously
 Lee Kuan Yew Ferdinand Marcos Chiang Kai-Shek

• When the resource • Marcos was highly • Inefficient ruler for

base is limited in knowledgeable about letting the public
relation to the size of public policy and was expenditure be enjoyed
the population, leaders able to hold power and privately by regime
cannot afford pet governed by looting officials
projects that impose nation’s wealth
enormous cost
• Founded the School of
Public Policy
Let’s EXAMINE THE FOLLOWING
INFRASTRUCTURE:

•Marcos Cultural
Center of the
Philippines
Money was key to political office and political
office was used to make more money

POWER TO COMMAND VOTES THROUGH

MONOPOLIZING STATE RESOURCES
(PATRONAGE POLITICS)

BANDWAGONED POLITICAL CULTURE

Insight:
 Article by: Calixto V. Chikiamco, Anvil Publishing

Discussed by: Emmanuel J. Bacud, Saint Louis University

 The Maguindanao Massacre:
Impunity and Reign of the Tyrant in the
Philippines
Casualties: 58 casualties including supporters of
Esmael Mangundadatu

Indication 1: Dysfunctional electoral system

Indication 2: Electoral fraud as resort for political

stability and triumph for local politicians

Indication 3: Graft and corruption as means to

buy loyalty and legitimacy
 Contexts:
Maguindanao Massacre
•“ELECTORAL (The Ampatuan Superiority in
Maguindanao- the cheating Capital of the
Philippines according to Prof. N. Quimpo in
REFORM IS University of Tsukuba)

Political Killings in
THE MOTHER Abra, Philippines
OF ALL Arroyo’s electoral victory
REFORMS” in 2004 for her 200,000
votes against Fernando
Poe Jr.
 WHY ELECTORAL REFORM?
Politicians are really accountable to people
instead of making several roadworks

“Whole caboodle of reforms” not just

computerization of electoral process- The people
get to vote without fear and the nation can
accept the results

Electoral Reforms and its relevance to

candidates- public financing of political parties
and public funding of political campaigns
 Election Election Campaign
Election Expenditure
Paraphernalia Strategies in Media
• Not exceeding by 2 • For Television: 120 • Php 10 per voter if
by 3 feet for election minutes for national President and Vice
poster candidates and 160 President
• For campaign rally: minutes for local • Php 3 per voter if
maximum of 3 by 8 candidates other candidates
feet • For radio: 180 mins. (with support from a
for national political party)
candidates and 90 • Php 5 per voter if
mins. for local other candidates but
candidates without support form
political parties
The 1987 Philippine Constitution compared to 1935 Constitution –
subsidize the poll watchers of political parties

Campaign is media-centric (up to Php 800,000 pesos per political

advertisement)

To raise CAMPAIGN MONEY, A CANDIDATE MUST STEAL PUBLIC

FUNDS WHILE IN OFFICE OR SELL HIS OFFICE TO VESTED
INTERESTS
SOLUTIONS:
Voter’s education

Culture of Transparency

Reforms in the Political Party

System in the Philippines
THE INAGAURAL VISIONS OF THE
POST-MARCOS PRESIDENTS
 Strategic
MISSION VISION
Management
• A clear and concise • Points the future • Formulation of
expression of basic • Where an entity is means and
and fundamental heading for? processes to
purpose achieve goals
• Involves TACTICAL
(general goals) AND
OPERATIONAL
PLANNING (specific
goals)
CORAZON COJUANGCO-AQUINO
(1986-1992)
• Content of the Inaugural Speech: People as source of
legitimacy ; A creation of government where it provided
freedom for the people; National reconciliation
• CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE COUNTRY:
1.) First Lady President of the Philippines/ Epitome of
Bloodless Democratic Revolution
2.) Release of Political Prisoners
3.) Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
4.) Peace talks with the Rebel Groups like the Muslim and
the Ethnic groups in the Cordillera—then resulted to the
creation of ARMM and CAR.
5.) Recovery of Marcos-amassed wealth
6.) Efforts to eradicate graft and corruption in the
government
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)
• CONTENT OF THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS:
Regional-currency crisis ; Pro-poor government;
Elimination of hoodlums in the government;
Impersonal politics; Philippines as the safest place in
the world
• CONTRIBUTION FOR THE PHILIPPINES:
1.) TOYM Awardee in 1972 and Chaired the
Committee on Rural Development when he was a
senator
2.) “Lean and mean” Bureaucracy
3.) Empowerment of rural communities
Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010-2016)
• Content of the Inaugural Address: An honest
and righteous government, Anti-nepotism, Full
transparency, Inclusive governance (walang
lamangan)
• CONTRIBUTION FOR THE PHILIPPINES:
1.) Representative; Second District of Tarlac
2.) Establishment of TRUTH COMMISSION
(unconstitutional)
3.) Education Reforms (K-12 curriculum) ;
Professional Occupation Reforms (CPD Law)
4.) 4Ps (Cash Subsidy)
5.) Attempt for the creation of Bangsamoro
Region
6.) Reproductive Health Law
 Individual Activity (30 pts.)

½ cross wise
1.) State your mission-vision in life (Right column)
2.) State your vision for the Philippines in the next 10
years (Left Column)
3.) Identify the means and practices that you can do to
achieve your VISION for the PHILIPPINES
TRENDS IN THE
PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
BEHAVIOR FROM 1980-2010
Research by: Cuizon, C. & Dungog, A. (2012)
Cebu Normal University
Research Abstract:

Qualitative Method through trend

analysis

Political Events from 1980-2010

How did the key political actors and

citizens act in a particular time frame?
An Overview of Philippine Political
Culture:
How one
behaves?
Group politics
How intense is
Philippine the
Politics participation?

A class of its
Sui Generis
own/ Unique
 Table 1: Philippine Political Events from 1980-2010
(*Synthesized Version)
Event Date Started Date Ended Description
Martial Law September 21, 1972 January 17, 1981 -Proclamation 1081
Ninoy’s Assassination August 21, 1983 August 21, 1983 -Aquino’s exile in USA
Philippine Parliamentary May 14, 1984 May 14, 1894 -Opposition coalition of UNIDO and
PDP-LABAN against Marcos’ KBL
Election
Impeachment Attempt August 13, 1985 August 14, 1985 -56 lawmakers for Marcos
Impeachment
Snap Election February 17, 1896 February 17, 1986 -announced on November
1985
People Power February 22, 1986 February 25, 1986 -Corazon Aquino as
President
Marcos Exile in Hawaii February 25, 1986 February 25, 1986 -Marcos flew to Clark Air
Base
Coup Attempt August 28, 1987 August 29, 1987 -Coup attempt by Gringo
Honasan
Philippine local election January 18, 1988 January 28, 1988 -election in the local
government units
 Event Date Started Date Ended Description
Senate Rejection on September 16, September 16, -The Philippine Senate rejected the renewal of
Renewal of U.S. Military 1991 1991 US bases in the Philippines
Bases in the Philippines
Philippine Election May 11, 1992 June 30, 1992 -First general election under the 1987
Constitution
Inauguration of Fidel V. June 1992 June 1992 -Fidel V. Ramos as the first non-Catholic President and the
12th president of the republic
Ramos
Biggest Corruption Case September 24, September 24, -Former lady Imelda Marcos was convicted for
1993 1993 the crime corruption
National Election May 08, 1995 May 08, 1995 -Election for senators and local government
officials
MOA (Government- September 2, September 2, -Pres. Ramos and Nur Misuari
Moslem Community) 1996 1996
Jose Velarde Controversy February 04, October 29, 2000 -Gov. C. Singson admitted that he gave Joseph
1999 Estrada 400 million jueteng money
Declaration of All-out War March 21, 2000 December 29, -Pres. Estrada declared ALL-OUT-WAR
against MILF 2000
Impeachment of Estrada November 13, --did not adjourn-- -Estrada was removed through mass
2000 demonstration (EDSA II)
 Event Date Started Date Ended Description
Oakwood Mutiny July 27, 2003 May 2005 -More than 300 junior soldier officers in Ayala
Center, Makati City
National Election May 10, 2004 June 30, 2004 -Pres. Arroyo was elected president (highly
controversial upon the advent of HELLO GARCI
Controversy)
Manila Peninsula November 29, November 29, -Led by Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV and Gen.
2007 2007 Danilo Lim with 30 soldiers
Rebellion
Maguindanao November 23, November 24, -Also known as the Ampatuan massacre
2009 2009
Massacre
National Election May 10, 2010 June 30, 2010 -Pres. Benigno Simeon Aquino III became the
15th president of the Republic
Manila Hostage August 23, 2010 August 23, 2010 -a dismissed PNP officer initiated a hostage-
taking of 25 Chinese nationals in Quirino
Crisis Granstand
Typologies of Political Events:

Major Types
Typical- predictable political events due to constitutional
basis such as elections, referendum and entering into
agreements

Atypical- abnormal political events and distinctive in nature

or character from all other events
Classifications:
Atypical Event Typical Political Event

• Martial Law • National Elections

• Ninoy’s Assassination • Impeachment Cases
• Snap Election • MOA between political
• People Power (EDSA entities
I)
• Closure of Naval Base
TREND OF PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
BEHAVIOR:
Period Trend in Philippine Political Nature of Policies
Behavior

-Majority of Political events are atypical -Transitional; Hypernationalistic to

1980-1990 (no strong democracy)
nationalistic policies (culture of
ethnocentrism; extreme form of
nationalism- 60-40 ownership)
-Majority of the typical events are typical -Transitional; Supranationalistic
1991-2000 (establishing democracy)
policies ( regressive-nationalistic
policies)
-Political occurrences are tagged -Supranationalistic policies (policies
2001-2010 atypical
and culture as challenged by political
maturity  stability; vote according to
the IMMEDIATE NEEDS of the people)
 TRANSFORMATION IN PHILIPPINE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Research by: Teng-Calleja, M. et al (2016)
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
Status Quo of LGU in the
Philippines:
1.) The devolution and decentralization from
central government to provide greater
productivity and quality of service through RA
7160

2.) The role of local political leaders in the

political efficacy of local government units

3.) LGUs in the Philippines still faced problems

on poverty, low functional literacy and poor social
attainments
Merit-based System Among LGUs

1.) Contextualization of A. Sen’s

Human Capability Approach

2.) LGUs must be recognized

3.) Awards given to successful

LGUs in the Philippines
Kinds of Awards:
Galing Pook Award (started in 1993)

SGH (Seal of Good Housekeeping)

Gawad Pamana ng Lahi (Exemplary Performance)

PROOF OF
COMPETENCE
Most Business-Friendly LGU Award

Most Child-Friendly Award

SEAL OF GOOD GOVERNANCE (most recent)

 National Competitiveness Index

-A user-friendly website that

provides the competence of
a Local Government Unit
based on its economic,
environmental, political and
technological performance.
Assignment (1/2 crosswise): Retrieve the profile of the
following LGU based on the Latest National Competitiveness Index

• For Students whose • For Students whose

SURNAMES starts with a SURNAMES starts with a
VOWEL: CONSONANT:
1.) Baguio City 1.) Olongapo City
2.) Cebu City 2.) Tarlac City
3.) Dagupan City 3.) Puerto Princesa
4.) Vigan 4.) Candon
5.) La Trinidad 5.) Tuguegarao City
6.) Sagada 6.) Kalinga
 Context of Transformation among
LGUs

1.) Political Apathy as main problem of development

2.) Leaders must be “process-oriented” (knows the

framework) in transforming the local community

3.) Inclusive and participatory governance involve

the mass in decision-making

4.) Structural changes, process improvement,

infrastructure and legislative reforms as foci of LGU
Concluding Lecture:
Globalisasyon, Kultura at
Kamalayang Pilipino
Article by: Napoleon M. Mabacquiao, Jr.
De La Salle University
Pansinin ang larawan:
1.) Pagliit ng mundo at
pagtatagpo ng mga
kabihasnan
2.) Paguugnay-ugnay ng mga
tao sa iba’t ibang panig ng
mundo
3.) Malawak na sakop ng
komunikasyon

1.) Pagkawala ng
pambansang identidad
2.) Paglalaho ng integridad
ng ating kultura
3.) Instrumento ng
pananakop
Mga Pananaw sa Globalisasyon

Kaginhawaan Suliranin

• Pinabilis na • Pagkawala ng
transportasyon pambansang identidad
• Knowledge boom • Paghina ng taal na
(pag-usbong ng kultura
kaalaman) • Tasahang pagsakop
• Pagsulong ng mas sa Pilipinas ng mga
epektibong makapangyarihang
komunikasyon bansa
Globalisasyon at Kultura

Globalisayon bilang isang proseso o paglawak

ng ugnayan ng mga bansa

Globalisasyon bilang pinagandang salita para sa

pandaigdigang kapitalismo o ang paghahari ng
Estados Unidos

Globalisasyon bilang isang pormal na konsepto

(kultural, ekonomikal at pulitikal na aspeto ayon
kay David Held)
Dalawang Reaksyong Pang-kultura para
sa Globalisasyon (Seabrook, 2004)

Reaksyong “Fatalistic”
• Ang globalisasyon ay hindi mapipigilan o
mababaligtad, paghahari ng mga malalakas na
bansa
Reaksyong “Resistant”
• Pamamaraang marahas at di-marahas
• Mga benepisyong pang-ekonomiya
Apat na Katangian ng Globalisasyon

Paglawak ng Pagtindi ng daloy ng Pag-iral ng mga

Paglawak ng
Panlipunang sistema ng
pakikisalamuha
pandaigdigang
komunikasyon institusyon
Relasyon
• Pag-unawa • Boundary- • Pag-usbong • United
sa mga less ng mga Nations
kultura communicati social media • European
on sites Union
• Pag-usbong • ASEAN
ng Internet
Mga Kaaralan Ukol Sa
Globalisasyon:

Globalist: positibong globalist at negatobong

globalist (mayroong globalisasyon)

Inter-nationalist o Traditionalist: walang

katotohanan ang globalisasyon

Transformationalist: mayroong globalisasyon

at hindi ito maiiwasan
Kamalayan ng Pilipino sa
Panahon ng Globalisasyon:
1.) Kaugnay ng mga pangyayari sa Pilipinas at
sa sambayanang Pilipino

2.) Nakaugnay sa pangangailangan ng Pilipino

3.) Akma sa kontekstong Pilipino

4.) Kaugnay sa panahon at lugar ng bansang

Pilipinas