Figure 6.

Literature Review
Monitoring Material Structure Damage
•The pipes in the industrial world are the main components in
channeling fluid.
•One way to monitor material structure is to use Acoustic
Emission (passive monitoring) which generated due to crack
occurrence or crack coalescence as in Figure 1

Figure 1 Generated AE signal from cracking activity is collected by AE sensor

 Figure 6. Literature Review
Monitoring Material Structure Damage

Figure 2 Stress-strain relation curve for brittle and ductile materials

 Figure 6. Literature Review
AE data and fracture processes of specimens

Figure 3 AE data and fracture processes of specimens

(https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010079)
 Figure 6. Literature Review
General AE behaviour approaching final failure

Figure 4 General AE behaviour approaching final failure

 Figure 6. Literature Review
Corrosion
Corrosion and pitting defects in pipe work are major problems
in the oil, chemical and other industries

a. Pitting corrosion on pipe b. Pitting corrosion on circular plate

(http://webwormcpt.blogspot.com) (http://webwormcpt.blogspot.com)

Figure 5 Pitting corrosion on metal surface

 Figure 6. Literature Review
Corrosion

a. Weld crack in pipe b. Cracking in stainless steel tank

(www.shutterstock.com) (www.bactoforce.com)

Figure 6 Crack on metal surfaces

a. Opened valve in pipe b. Cavitation on disc of valve

(www.vortexglobal.com) (www.kentintrol.com)
Figure 7 Cavitation on butterfly valve
 Figure 6. Literature Review
AE detection
•In this case detection distance may be limited to less than half a
metre.
•Detecting of a passing valve using the Joule-Thomson effect
principle which be applied a thermal gun
•AE is the only NDT technique capable of detecting :
a. Debonding between the reinforcement and the matrix
material
b. Matrix cracking
c. Failure of the reinforcement and delamination in the case of
layered composites
• An improved AE beam forming method is able to localize
rotor-stator rubbing fault in rotating machinery
 Figure 6. Literature Review
AE detection
•The main limitation in the application of AET is the fact that
the AE signal is often affected by background noise.
•Self-adaptive noise cancellation (SANC) and adaptive noise
cancellation (ANC) are better techniques for denoising the AE
signal.
•AE energy is released when a crack propagates.
Figure 7. Research Methodology
Start

Development of Signal from corrosion

Defect Model Measurement of activity
AE and valve

Calculation of
wave Analysis of AE
Structure Noise reduction
propagation

Collection of AE Noise reduction Analysis of AE

signals from (bandpass) parameter
different sensor
40 to 60 kHz
Determination
Verification of parameter for
Signal
processing signal corrosion activity
enhancement

Defect location
Theory Theory

Single mode Multi-mode

Plotting location of corrosion area

Analysis of
Theory severity
Analysis of
severity

Analysis of potential AE App for crack,

corrosion and valve passing

Thesis writing

End

Figure 8 Research Methodology

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Evaluation of valve condition
•AE signals at upstream, body, and downstream of the valves
are recorded to identify the internal valve passing.

Figure 9 Location of sensors during measurement of AE Noises

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Evaluation of valve condition

Figure 10 Actual measurement of AE Noises

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Evaluation of valve condition

Figure 11 Acoustic Emission System – Vallen Systeme AMSY-6 38 Channels

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Evaluation of valve condition
Sensors

Upstream Downstream Vallen system

AMSY-6 PC

Valve

Figure 12 Detail of sensor connection to the AE system

Figure 13 An acoustic wave which is collected by a sensor

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Evaluation of valve condition

(a) Upstream (b) Downstream

Figure 14 Signal of open condition at upstream and downstream

(a) Upstream (b) Downstream

Figure 15 FFT spectra of the upstream and downstream signals

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Results of measurement on valve

(a) Valve sensor 1 (b) Valve sensor 2

(c) Valve sensor 3 (d) Valve sensor 4

Figure 16 Signal of open condition at valve

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Results of measurement on valve

(a) Valve sensor 1 (b) Valve sensor 2

(b) Valve sensor 3 (d) Valve sensor 4

Figure 17 FFT spectra of the signals at valve

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Results of measurement on valve

(a) Upstream (b) Downstream

Figure 18 Signals of close condition at upstream and downstream

(a) Upstream (b) Downstream

Figure 19 FFT spectra of the signals at upstream and downstream

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Results of measurement on valve

(a) Valve sensor 1 (b) Valve sensor 2

(c) Valve sensor 3 (d) Valve sensor 4

Figure 20 Signals of close condition at valve

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Results of measurement on valve

(a) Valve sensor 1 (b) Valve sensor 2

(c) Valve sensor 3 (d) Valve sensor 4

Figure 21 FFT spectra of the signals at valve

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Collected RMS and amplitude signals

Close Open Close Open

Closing Opening Closing Opening

(a) Pre-Upstream (b) Upstream

Close

Open Close Open

Closing Opening Closing Opening

(c) Midstream (d) Downstream

Figure 22 The filtered RMS of AE signal on the inspected valve

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Collected RMS and amplitude signals

Close Open Close Open

High density
Low density Density
Density

Closing Opening Closing Opening

(a) Pre-Upstream (b) Upstream

Close Open Close Open

High density
Density Low density
Density

Closing Opening Closing Opening

(c) Midstream (d) Downstream

Figure 23 The filtered amplitude of AE signal on the inspected valve

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Collected RMS and amplitude signals

Highest RMS High RMS

(a) Pre-Upstream (b) Upstream

(c) Midstream (d) Midstream

Figure 24 RMS of AE signal on the inspected valve (open valve)

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Collected RMS and amplitude signals

High RMS

(a) Pre-Upstream (b) Upstream

Highest RMS

(c) Midstream (d) Midstream

Figure 25 RMS of AE signal on the inspected valve (closed valve)

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Collected RMS and amplitude signals

Highest hit density High hit density

(c) Pre-upstream (b) Upstream

Low hit density Lowest hit density

Density Density

(c) Midstream (d) Downstream

Figure 26 Amplitude of AE signal on the inspected valve (open valve)

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Collected RMS and amplitude signals

High hit density

Lowest hit density

(c) Pre-upstream (b) Upstream

Midstream Downstream

Highest hit density

Density Low hit density
Density

(c) Midstream (d) Downstream

Figure 27 Amplitude of AE signal on the inspected valve (closed valve)

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Enhancement of defect signal in defect location technique
(Task-2)

6000

Group velocity [m/s] 5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frequency [kHz]

Figure 28 Wave mode propagations in the alumunium pipe (Salim et. al.,2018)
Figure 7. Research Methodology
Model of acoustic wave

3m Traction force to simulate

Pipe
corrosion activities
Transducers
Left sensor Right sensor
Source of acoustic
A B C D E
wave

5m
8m

Figure 29 Model of acoustic wave measurement in the pipe

Defect signal

xA(t)

xB(t)

xC(t)

xD(t)

xE(t)

Figure 30 Collected signals from five sensors at 40 kHz

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Signal enhancement

Defect signal
2t
xA(t)  1/8
t
xB(t)  1/4
x(t)
xC(t)  1/2
t
xD(t)  1/4 Tx

2t
xE(t)  1/8

Figure 31 Enhance process for the acoustic wave

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Defect location

L(0,2) L

F(1,3)
Source of
acoustic
wave

Figure 32 L(0,2) and F(1,3) mode propagations in pipe

A
mp L(0,2)
litu
de F(1,3)

L L Time [ms]
C L (0,2) C F (1,3)

Figure 33 Expected times of arrival for L(0,2) and F(1,3) mode

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Defect location
Since, time of arrival for F(1,3) is longer than time of arrival for
L(0,2) mode as in Figures 32 and 33, calculation on the location
of defect is carried out based on the difference between times of
arrival for F(1,3) and L(0,2) modes as in Equations (1) to (2)
where CL(0,2) and CF(1,3) are the group velocities of the modes
and L is the distance from the center of the sensors to the source
of the acoustic wave.

L L
t  ……………………………….(1)
CF (1,3) CL(0,2)
t
L ……………………………….(2)
1 1

C F (1,3) C L (0,2)
Figure 7. Research Methodology
Characterization of corrosion signal (Task-3)
In the process of identifying signals from AE sources, studies
on corrosion activities on the structure will be carried out. It
involves the process of immersion and in-air corrosions. FFT
analysis and AE parameters (rise time, duration, count, RMS,
peak, hit, energy, time arrival, event, located event, etc.) will be
recorded by using the AE data logger from Vallen System, as
shown on Figure of 33. The study will use 3 or more sensors to
obtain signals and corrosion locations on the plane of the
structures. The use of low to high carbon steels is aims to
identify differences in AE datasets through the corrosion
activities and other possible noise like the sacrificial anode and
the high stress area.
Figure 7. Research Methodology
Characterization of corrosion signal (Task-3)
Vallen datalogger (Amsy-6)
Vallen acquisition and analysis
software

AE-3
AE-1
Active corrosion

AE-2
Carbon steel plate

Figure 34 Vallen system

Figure 7. Research Methodology
Expected Result
We are investigating to find the suitable AE parameter that can
be used to represent the corrosion activities. At the end of the
study, we are expected to understand the characteristic of AE
signal from corrosion activities and able to distinguish the noise
signals.
 Figure 8. Milestone and Timelines
2018 2019 2020
No Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Simulation of AE in pipe for

1
multimode technique

Collection of signal at each

1.1
sensor of 40 to 6o kHz

1.2 Enhancement of L(0,2) and F(1,3)

1.3 Multi-mode defect location

Simulation of AE in pipe for single-

2 mode technique

Collection of signal at each sensor of

2.1 40 to 60 kHz

2.2 Enhancement of L(0,2)

2.3 Single-mode defect location

Simulation of AE in plate for multi-

3 mode technique

Collection of signal at each sensor of

3.1 40 to 60 kHz

3.2 Enhancement of So and Ao

3.3 Multi-mode defect location

 Figure 8. Milestone and Timelines
2018 2019 2020
No Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4 Simulation of AE in plate for

single-mode technique

4.1 Collection of signal at each

sensor of 40 to 60 kHz

4.2
Enhancement of So and Ao

4.3
Single-mode defect location
5 Internal valve leak

Measurement of AE signal on
5.1 upperstream, valve, and
downstream

5.2 Signal analysis and data

interpretation

5.3
Development of severity level
6 Corrosion in structure

6.1 Measurement of AE signal from

corrosion activity

6.2
Filtering and noise reduction

6.3
Analysis of AE parameters
 Figure 8. Milestone and Timelines
2018 2019 2020
No Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6.4 Severity analysis

7 Analysis of potential AE
applications for crack, corrosion
and valve passing

8
Journal and Thesis writing
 Figure 9. Conclution
Multimode technique has been used for defect location in pipe.
The result located defect at slightly different location to the
actual model but it has feasibility to be implemented for real
application. The measurement of AE signals at three locations
on valves indicated feasibility to identify the valve conditions.
However further study need to be carried on the severity level
of the valve leak.
 Figure 10. Future works
To submission of the journal and to write of the Ph.D
dissertation