ANGLEMODULATION 1

“IMAGINATION IS
MORE IMPORTANT
THAN KNOWLEDGE”.
(Albert Einstein)
2
“Simple can be harder than
complex: You have to work
hard to get your thinking
clean to make it simple.”
- Steve Jobs
3
CONTENTS:
 Angle Modulation
o Definition
o Pros and Cons
o Uses

 Instantaneous Frequency
 Phase Deviation & Frequency Deviation
Constants
 How to Sketch FM and PM Waves
4
FM & PM – Definition :
 In FM systems, the frequency of the carrier, 𝒇𝒄
, is changed by the message signal.
 In PM systems, the phase, 𝝓(𝒕), of the carrier
is changed according to the variations in the
message signal.
 Both FM and PM are nonlinear, and often they
are jointly called Angle-modulation OR
Exponential Modulation methods. 5
EM – Disadvantages :
 Angle modulation, due to its inherent
nonlinearity, is more complex to implement and
much more difficult to analyze.
 FM and PM systems generally expand the
bandwidth such that the effective
bandwidth of the modulated signal is usually
many times the bandwidth of the message
signal.
6
EM – Advantages :
 The major benefit of EM systems is their
high degree of noise immunity.
o FM is mor resistant to additive noise than AM.
 Another advantage of angle-modulated
signals is their constant envelope, which
is beneficial when the signal is amplified
by nonlinear amplifiers.
7
FM – Uses :
In addition to COMMERCIAL
RADIO, it is used as a component
of television signals, for satellite
and microwave communications,
and for digital data transmission.
8
INSTANTANEOUS
FREQUENCY
9
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency [4]:
 While AM signals carry a message within their varying
amplitude, FM signals can vary the instantaneous
frequency in proportion to the modulating signal 𝒎(𝒕).
 This means that the carrier frequency is changing
continuously every instant.
At firs sight, this does not make much
sense, since to define a frequency, we must
have a sinusoidal signal at least over one
cycle (or a half-cycle or a quarter-cycle)
with the same frequency.
10
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency [4]:
 Consider a generalized sinusoidal signal :
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos[𝜃 𝑡 ]
where 𝜃(𝑡) is the generalized angle and is a
function of 𝑡.
 The generalized angle of a conventional
sinusoid 𝐴 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0 ] is 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜽𝟎 viz a
straight line with slope 𝝎𝒄 and y-intercept
𝜽𝟎. 11
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency [4]:

o Conventional sinusoid
means a constant
frequency sinusoid.
o The angular frequency of
conventional sinusoid
𝐴 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃0 ] is 𝜔𝑐 viz
a CONSTANT.
o A. Freq = d/dt of G. Angle.

12
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency [4]:
 Now consider a hypothetical case of 𝜃(𝑡) viz a
squiggly (wavy) line. A hypothetical case
generalized angle of 𝜃(𝑡) happens to be tangential
to the angle 𝝎𝒄𝒕 + 𝜽𝟎 at some instant 𝒕.
 The crucial point is that, around 𝑡, over a small
interval ∆𝑡 → 0 , the signal 𝐴 cos[𝜃 𝑡 ] and
𝐴 cos[𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝜃0] are identical; i.e.,
𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos[𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝜃0] 𝑡1 < 𝑡 < 𝑡2
13
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency [4]:
o We are certainly justified in saying that over this small
interval ∆𝑡, the angular frequency of 𝝋 𝒕 is 𝝎𝒄. Because
(𝝎𝒄𝒕 + 𝜽𝟎) is tangential to 𝜽(𝒕) , the angular frequency of
𝝋 𝒕 is the slope of its angle 𝜽(𝒕) over this small interval.
oWe can generalize this concept at every
instant and define that the
instantaneous frequency 𝝎𝒊 at any
instant 𝒕 is the slope of 𝜽(𝒕) at 𝒕. 14
Concept of Instantaneous Frequency [4]:

15
Instantaneous Frequency [1]:

16
Instantaneous Frequency for a Generic 𝒎(𝒕) [1]:

17
Phase Deviation & Frequency deviation [5]:

18
Phase Deviation & Frequency deviation [5]:

19
 ANGLE
MODULATION
20
Definition of PM and FM [1]:

21
Phase Deviation Constant and
Frequency Deviation Constant [1]:
𝒌𝒑 and 𝒌𝒇 are called phase deviation constant
and frequency deviation constant,
respectively.
Units of 𝒌𝒇 are: Hz/volt.
Units of 𝒌𝒑 are: Rad/volt.
(Assuming units of 𝑚(𝑡) are volts)
22
Phase Deviation 𝝓(𝒕) & Frequency deviation 𝐝𝝓 in FM and PM Systems [1]:
𝒅𝒕

23
Relation Between PM and FM [1]:

24
Definition of PM and FM [1]:
Phase modulated (PM) carrier is:
𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝝓 𝒕 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝒌𝒑𝒎 𝒕

Frequency modulated (FM) carrier is:

𝒕

𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝝓 𝒕 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 න 𝒎 𝝉

𝒅𝝉
−∞

25
Instantaneous Frequency in FM and PM :
PM wave: 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+ 𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+ 𝑘 𝑝 𝑚 𝑡
FM wave: 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+ 𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝜏 𝑑𝜏

𝟏 𝒅 𝒌𝒑
PM wave: 𝒇𝒊 = 𝜽𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒎ሶ(𝒕)
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝝅
𝟏 𝒅
FM wave: 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕 𝜽𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌𝒇𝒎(𝒕)
 In FM, 𝒇𝒊 varies linearly with the modulating signal,
and
 In PM, 𝒇𝒊 varies linearly with the derivative of
modulating signal. 26
Example of PM and FM [1]: In FM, 𝒇𝒊 varies linearly
with the modulating
signal, and In PM, 𝒇𝒊 varies
linearly with the derivative
of modulating signal.

27
Demodulation of PM and FM [1]:
 The demodulation of an FM signal involves finding
the instantaneous frequency of the modulated
signal and then subtracting the carrier frequency from
it.
 In the demodulation of PM, the demodulation process
is done by finding the phase of the signal and then
recovering 𝑚(𝑡).

28
Maximum Phase Deviation and
Maximum Frequency Deviation [1]:

29
Modulation Indices of PM and FM Systems [1]:

30
Example 4.1.1 [1]:

31
Example 4.1.1 [1]:

32
Example 4.1.1 [1]:

33
Angle Modulation – Summary :
PM wave: 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+ 𝜙 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘 𝑝 𝑚 𝑡
FM wave: 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+ 𝜙 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑚 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
𝟏 𝒅 𝒌𝒑
Inst. Freq. for PM wave: 𝒇𝒊 = 𝜽𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒎ሶ(𝒕)
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕 𝟐𝝅
𝟏 𝒅
Inst. Freq. for FM wave: 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕 𝜽𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌𝒇𝒎(𝒕)

TV Phase ( Phase Deviation) of PM wave: 𝝓(𝒕) = 𝒌𝒑𝒎(𝒕)

𝒕
TV phase ( Phase Deviation) of FM wave: 𝝓(𝒕) = 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒎 𝝉 𝒅𝝉
TV = Time-varying.
𝒌𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎 𝒕
𝜷𝒑 = 𝒌𝒑𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎 𝒕 = ∆𝝓𝒎𝒂𝒙 ; 𝜷𝒇 = = ∆𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑾 𝑾 34
 HOW TO
SKETCH FM & PM
WAVES
35
36
Ex. 5.1 [4] :
Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡)
shown below.
Consider 𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧, 𝑘𝑓 = 105, and 𝑘𝑝 = 10𝜋.

37
Ex. 5.1 [4] :

FM wave:
𝒇𝒊 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌𝒇𝒎 𝒕 = 108 + 105𝑚(𝑡)

(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒊𝒏= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓[𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 105(−1) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝐌𝐇𝐳

(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒂𝒙= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓[𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝐌𝐇𝐳

38
Ex. 5.1 [4] :
FM wave:
(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒊𝒏= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓[𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 105(−1) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝐌𝐇𝐳
(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒂𝒙= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓[𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝐌𝐇𝐳

o Because m(t) increases and decreases linearly

with time, the instantaneous frequency
increases linearly from 99.9 to 100.1 MHz over
a half-cycle and decreases linearly from 100.1
to 99.9 MHz over the remaining half-cycle of
the modulating signal.
39
Ex. 5.1 [4] :

40
Ex. 5.1 [4] :

FM for 𝒎ሶ(𝒕) ≡ PM for 𝒎(𝒕).

41
Ex. 5.1 [4] :
PM wave:
𝒌𝒑 𝒅
𝒇𝒊 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒎(𝒕) = 108 + 5𝑚ሶ (𝑡)
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕

(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒊𝒏= 108 + 5[𝑚ሶ (𝑡)]𝑚𝑖𝑛= 108 + 5 (−20000) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝐌𝐇𝐳

(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒂𝒙= 108 + 5[𝑚ሶ (𝑡)]𝑚𝑎𝑥= 108 + 5 (20000) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝐌𝐇𝐳

42
Ex. 5.1 [4] :
𝒌𝒑 𝒅
PM wave: 𝒇𝒊 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕
𝒎(𝒕) = 108 + 5𝑚ሶ (𝑡)
(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒊𝒏= 108 + 5[𝑚ሶ (𝑡)]𝑚𝑖𝑛= 108 + 5 (−20000) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝐌𝐇𝐳
(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒂𝒙= 108 + 5[𝑚ሶ (𝑡)] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 5 (20000) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝐌𝐇𝐳

o Because 𝒎ሶ (𝒕) switches back and forth

from a value of -20,000 to 20,000, the
carrier frequency switches back and
forth from 99.9 MHz to 100.1 MHz every
half-cycle of 𝒎ሶ(𝒕).
43
Ex. 5.1 [4] :

44
Ex. 5.1 [4] :
 This indirect method of sketching PM [using 𝒎ሶ (𝒕) to
frequency-modulate a carrier] works as long as 𝑚(𝑡) is a
continuous signal.
 If 𝒎(𝒕) is discontinuous, it means that the PM signal has
sudden phase changes and, hence, 𝒎ሶ (𝒕) contains
impulses.
 This indirect method fails at points o the discontinuity.
 In such a case, a direct approach should be used at the
point of discontinuity to specify the sudden phase changes.
 This is demonstrated in the next example. 45
Ex. 5.2 [4] :
Sketch FM and PM waves for the digital modulating
signal 𝑚(𝑡) shown below.
5 𝜋
Consider 𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧, 𝑘𝑓 = 10 , and 𝑘 = .
2

46
Ex. 5.2 [4] :
FM wave:
𝒇𝒊 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌𝒇𝒎 𝒕 = 108 + 105𝑚(𝑡)
(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒊𝒏= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓[𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 + 105(−1) = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝐌𝐇𝐳
(𝒇𝒊)𝒎𝒂𝒙= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓[𝑚 𝑡 ] 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝐌𝐇𝐳

o Because 𝒎(𝒕) switches from +1 to -1

and vice versa, the FM wave frequency
switches back and forth between 99.9
MHz and 100.1 MHz. 47
Ex. 5.2 [4] :
This scheme of
carrier frequency
modulation by a
digital signal is
called frequency
shift keying (FSK)
because
information digits
are transmitted by
keying different
frequencies.
48
Ex. 5.2 [4] :

FM for 𝒎ሶ(𝒕) ≡ PM for 𝒎(𝒕).

49
Ex. 5.2 [4] :
𝒌𝒑 𝒅 𝟏
PM wave: 𝒇𝒊 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒎(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 + 𝟒
𝒎ሶ(
𝒕)
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕
o In this case, the derivative 𝒎ሶ (𝒕) is zero except at points of
discontinuity of m(t) where impulses of strength ±𝟐 are
present.
o This means that the frequency of the PM signal stays the
same except at these isolated points of time !
o It is not immediately apparent how an instantaneous
frequency can be changed by an infinite amount and then
changed back to the original frequency in zero time.
o Let us consider the DIRECT APPROACH: 50
Ex. 5.2 [4] :
DIRECT APPROACH:
Phase modulated (PM) carrier is:
𝒖 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕 + 𝒌𝒑𝒎 𝒕
𝝅
= 𝑨𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕 + 𝒎 𝒕
𝟐
+𝑨𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕 when 𝒎 𝒕 = −𝟏
=ቊ
−𝑨𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕 when 𝒎 𝒕 = +𝟏

This scheme of carrier PM by a digital signal is called Phase Shift

Keying (PSK) because information digits are transmitted by shifting
the carrier phase. 51
Ex. 5.2 [4] :
This scheme of carrier PM by
a digital signal is called
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
because information digits
are transmitted by shifting
the carrier phase.

52
Ex. 5.2 [4] :

53
DISCLAIMER
54
These power point slides are NOT
SUBSTITUTE of reading TEXT
BOOK(S).
You’re ALWAYS DIRECTED to
CAREFULLY READ the relevant
book chapter and SOLVE ALL
examples and end problems.
55
REFERENCES :
1 FCS 2nd Ed. [Proakis-2014]

2 WCE [Sobot-2012]

3 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Ed. [Alexander-2017]

4 MDnACS (4th Ed.) [Lathi-2009]

5PoC (7th Ed.) [Ziemer-2015]

[6] [Hsu-2003]
56