TOXICITY TESTING

TUJUAN: MENDUGA RESIKO PENCEMARAN, DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN

HEWAN/ORGANISME MAKRO

and
Environmental Risk Assessment
 Dimensions of the
Toxic Chemical Problem

 Chemical entities 4-10 million

 Developed annually ~6000
 In commerce ~65,000
 In common use ~6,000
 Regulated water 129, (Indo: 50)
air 25, (Indo: 7)
Toxicology – Historical
Perspective
 Human (Mammalian)
toxicology

 White Rat

 Rabbit

 Dog/Cat

 Computer simulation?
Toxicology – Historical
Perspective
 Environmental toxicology
 Before 1950  chemical data superior to
biological data

 Needed methods to indicate level of biological

effects of chemicals
 History of Aquatic Toxicology
Prior to 1962 – pollution laws
focused on sewage and nutrients

1962 – Silent Spring published

(pollution by synthetic
organic chemicals)
1982 - UU Lingkungan hidup
pertama di Indonesia

Environmental regulations
developed
 Point-source pollution

 Non-point source pollution

Point source discharge into a fly ash collection pond
 Toxicity test

The means by which the toxicity of a chemical or

other test material is determined
 Toxicity testing
Simultaneous chemical
detection
and biological effects

Acute toxicity test

 Short time frame exposure
(96h)
 “kill ‘em and count ‘em”

Chronic toxicity test

 Longer time frame exposure
(1 week to 3 years)
 reproduction, physiology,
behavior, biochemistry
 More ecologically relevant
 Chronic toxicity testing
Reproduction
Fish – life cycle at least 3
to 6 months
(fathead minnow)

Invertebrates – complete
life cycle in 3 days
(water flea -
Ceriodaphnia dubia)
Algae toxicity test, EPA laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio

Photo by R. Grippo
Endpoints
Toxicology Ecology
 Survival  Abundance
 Growth  Diversity
 Reproduction  Biomass
 Behavior (avoidance)  Processing rate
Environmental Toxicology

 Dose - response (effect) relationships

(Digunakan untuk mengetahui berapa nilai
toksisitas sebuah bahan, entah itu pencemar
atau bahan kimia)

 Ecological Dose-Response relationships

(biasanya dilakukan di lingkungan, meniru
kondisi yang ada di alam)
Mechanism of Toxicity
Targets and Effects
 Cell membranes
 Enzymes
 Lipids
 Protein synthesis
 Microsomes
 Regulatory processes (hormones)
 Carbohydrate metabolism
 Cara sederhana: Melihat ikan yang mati dan
hidup
What is the purpose of
bioassays (Uji Toksisitas)?
 Rank hazards
 Set discharge limits  regulate hazards
 Predict environmental consequences
 Protect important species
 Reason why rainbow trout tested (commercially
and recreationally important)
 Reason why Zn, Cl standards based on toxicity to
rainbow trout even if stream has none
 Criteria for Selecting
Test Organisms
 Broad range of sensitivities (Sensitivitas dengan
ukuran yang luas)
 Widely available and abundant
 Indigenous or representative
 Recreationally, commercially, or ecologically
important
 Laboratory tolerant (Mudah dipelihara di lab)
 Adequate background information (Cukup
informasi biologinya)
Ecologically realistic
testing
 Greater sensitivity?
 Improved extrapolation?
 Replicability and reproducibility?
 Variability and detectability”?
 Suitable endpoints?
 Ecotoxicological testing

Single species Multi-species Mesocosm

 LOEC = lowest observable
test concentration
The lowest test concentration that is significantly
different from control
 NOEC = no observable effect
concentration
The highest test concentration that is not
significantly different from control
 MATC = geometric mean of
NOEC and LOEC
 Often referred to as the chronic value

____________
 MATC = √NOEC * LOEC
Hypothesis testing

 All types of testing need to hypothesis testing

 what concentration is significant?

 All bioassays try to determine level of

toxicant which will or will not cause an effect
Variability Detectability
Need to be careful!

 False negative  system insensitive?

 False positive  unconfirmed predictions?

 Who said it?

“The significant problems we face cannot

be solved at the same level of thinking
we were at when we created them”
- Albert Einstein
Who will watch the watchers?