Documente Academic
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Dedy Kristanto, MT
Petroleum Engineering Department
UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
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Miscible (Solvents) Floods
Nitrogen becomes an efficient miscible displacement
only for light oils, temperatures greater than 240 0F (115
0C) and pressures greater than 5,000 psig, where its
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Comparison of Solvents
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Comparison of Solvents
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Comparison of Solvents
Light component
CO2
CH4
N2
Heavy Intermediate
component component
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Physical Properties of CO2
Molecular Weight 44
Critical Pressure 1071 Psia
Critical Temperature 87.8 Deg F
Soluble in Oil
Soluble in Water
Miscible with oil at lower minimum miscibility
pressure (MMP)
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Comparison of Solvents
- Higher viscosity
- Low formation volume factor
- High density
- Low miscibility pressures with reservoir oils
- Easy to handling
- Relatively low cost
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Gas Injection Options
Reinjection of Reservoir Gas:
The first option to consider in a low permeability
reservoir is reinjection of reservoir gas. This can
only occur in a relatively unproduced, newer
reservoir that originally was nearly saturated with
gas. The gas will have already been produced from
older reservoirs.
If this option is possible, the reservoir pressure is
controlled so as to optimize gas production, gas
recycle, and oil production.
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Gas Injection Options
Nitrogen or Air Injection:
If reservoir gas is not available, injecting either
nitrogen or air to increase oil recovery is common.
Nitrogen, extracted from air using membranes or
pressure swing adsorption, is relatively inert because
it contains less than 4 percent oxygen.
It is best used in shallower reservoirs to enhance
production by increasing reservoir pressure.
Produced nitrogen can be recompressed and recycled
so that very little new gas is needed and the
production can continue for several decades.
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Gas Injection Options
Nitrogen or Air Injection:
Air is used in deeper reservoirs, temperature (> 150
ºF) where the air spontaneously reacts with the oil to
form flue gas. The CO2 in the flue gas dissolves in
the oil. In addition, water and light oil evaporate
from the combustion zone.
This means that three mechanisms (pressure
maintenance, swelling and waterflooding by
condensed steam) combine to increase oil
recovery.
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Gas Injection Options
CO2 Sequestration:
When a CO2 pipeline is not nearby but CO2 is
available from plants in a nearly pure form and is
not being sold for another purpose, it can be
injected into light-oil reservoirs where the CO2 and
oil could become miscible.
In the few instances where these conditions exist,
carbon dioxide is the best choice for recovering oil
for decades from a low-permeability, deeper
reservoir where gas will not override the reservoir
fluids.
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Gas Injection versus Waterflood
The first decision that must be reached is whether to
inject a gas or to either start or continue a waterflood.
The facts are that waterfloods (without surfactants)
leave more oil in the reservoir than gas floods, but
waterfloods can also recover oil faster than gas if the
permeability of the reservoir is high.
Usually, if the permeability of the reservoir is above 50
md, a waterflood will work well, whereas if the
permeability is below 25 md, gas will recover oil faster
than water because more gas can be injected.
In addition, if a waterflood has not been successful
because of poor sweep, a gas flood should be
profitable.
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Condition for Miscibility
In miscible displacement, the design entails
determining the gas composition which could
develop miscibility at a given pressure is known
as enrichment requirement
Miscibility condition is expressed as minimum
content of intermediate components in the solvent
If the solvent composition is fixed, the miscibility
condition is expressed as the lowest pressure at
which the solvent could develop miscibility with
the reservoir oil. This is known as the Minimum
Miscibility Pressure (MMP)
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CO2 Miscible Flood
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Ternary Equilibrium Diagrams
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Why CO2 Flooding?
Some of the advantages of CO2 over Hydrocarbon Solvent are:
Cheaper solvent than liquid hydrocarbon, and safer to handle and
pressurize than hydrocarbon gases
2-3 times more viscous
3-4 times more dense (dissolving power)
Miscible at lower pressures
Miscible with more oils
Immiscible swelling of oil benefit
Immiscible oil viscosity reduction
Powerful vaporizer of hydrocarbons
Recovers oil beyond low tension effects because of extraction of
intermediate hydrocarbon from the non-mobile oil
Can lower minimum miscibility pressure as the flood progresses
Easier miscibility than N2, flue gas, C1
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Mechanisms of CO2 Flooding
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Requirements for Carbon Dioxide
Miscible Flooding
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Sources of CO2
Natural CO2 deposits
By-product from amonia plants, other chemical plants, and
oil field acid gas separation facilities
By-product from coal gasification and SNG (synthetic
natural gas) plants
Flue gas from cement plants
CO2 Sequestration:
When a CO2 pipeline is not nearby but CO2 is available from
plants in a nearly pure form, it can be injected into light-oil
reservoirs where the CO2 and oil could become miscible.
In the few instances where these conditions exist, carbon
dioxide is the best choice for recovering oil for decades
from a low-permeability, deeper reservoir where gas will not
override the reservoir fluids.
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Sources of CO2
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CO2 Sources Facilities
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CO2 EOR Technologies
- Miscible
• Develops miscibility
• Swells oil
• Reduces viscosity
- Immiscible
• Two phase
• Some swelling and viscosity effects
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CO2 EOR Technologies
Injection Methods
- Continuous injection
- Water Alternating Gas (WAG)
• Pressures reservoir to miscible level
• Prevents early CO2 breakthrough
• Gravity override
• Can add foam or other mobility control agents
- Huff and Puff (inject, soak, and produce back from
1 well)
• May sequester some CO2, but most comes back
• Soaking may accelerate full field flood response
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Immiscible CO2 Flooding Process
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CO2 Flooding Process Diagram
CO2
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CO2 Flooding Process Diagram
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Miscible CO2 Slug
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Optimum of CO2 Slug Size
100
90
80
Oil Recovery (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
Slug Size = 32% PV
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CO2 Slug Size (% PV)
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Case: Weyburn Fields
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Case: Weyburn Fields
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Case: Weyburn Fields
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Case: Weyburn Fields
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NE Purdy Springer Unit Garvin County, OK
NE Purdy Springer Unit Production
100000
Production and Injection (BPD, MCFD)
10000
100
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Historic Oil Historic CO2 Inj Historic Water Historic Water Injected
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Wasson Field, US
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Water-Alternating-Gas Processes
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Water Shielding Effect in
Water-Alternating-Gas Processes
100
Oil-wet
Displacement
Efficiency, %
Water-wet
Low rate
Water-wet
0
0 100
% Water in WAG DK - 40 -
WAG Injection Procedure
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Slug CO2 and WAG Injection
Surface Facilities
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Unfavorable Reservoir Characteristics
for Empirical Screening
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Reservoir Characteristics of 29
Successful Carbonate CO2 Floods
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Reservoir Parameters of
Carbonate CO2 Floods
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CO2 Potential Oil Reserve
Classification