Electromagnetism

Definition
 the phenomena associated with electric and magnetic
fields and their interactions with each other and with
electric charges and currents.
Basic Principles Of
Electromagnetism
 All materials are made up of atoms. An atom has a
nucleus around which one or more electrons circle in
different orbits.
 An electron has a negative electric charge and a
nucleus has a positive one.
Conductor, Insulator and
Semiconductor
Conductors
 Materials in which free electrons can be made
 to move are known as conductors.
 Most metals are good conductors.
 Example iron, aluminium, bronze and steel.

Insulators
 Materials in which free electrons are not readily moved
 Insulators are generally nonmetallic and include rubber

Semiconductors
 Semiconductors are materials whose free electrons’ ability
to move falls between that of conductors and insulators.
Direction of current flow

 By convention, electric current flows from high

potential (+, positive) to low potential (−, negative).

R1=15Ω

R2=10Ω
V=120V
Electricity and Magnetism
 The behaviour of magnets and the main rules that
concern us are as follows:
1. Magnets have north and south poles.
2. Magnets have magnetic fields.
3. Magnetic fields are made up from lines of magnetic force.
4. Magnetic fields flow from north to south.
The Magnetic Effect of An Electric
Current
 Figure below shows how a circular magnetic field is set
up around a wire (conductor) which is carrying
electric current.
Magnetic Field Caused by A Coil Of
Wire
 When a conductor (wire)
is made into a coil, the
magnetic field created is
of the form shown in
Figure below.
 A coil such as this is the
basis of a solenoid.
Factors Affect Electromagnetic
Strength
1) Current Strength
 As current increases, magnetism increase. Directly
proportional

2) Conductor length
 As length increases, magnetism decreases. Inversely
proportional

3) Coil Length
 As coil length increases, magnetism increases. Directly
proportional
Electromagnetic induction
Basic laws:
 When a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetism, a voltage is induced in
the conductor.
 The direction of the induced voltage depends upon the direction of the
magnetic field and the direction in which the field moves relative to
the conductor.
 The voltage level is proportional to the rate at which the conductor cuts
or is cut by the magnetism.
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction state:
(i) An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever the magnetic field
linking that circuit changes.
(ii) The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in any circuitis
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
linking the circuit.
 Fleming’s Rule
In an electrical machine, the First Finger
lines up with the magnetic Field, the
seCond finger lines up with the Current
and the thuMb lines up with
the Motion.
Mutual Induction

 If two coils (known as the primary and secondary) are

wound on to the same iron core then any change in
magnetism of one coil will induce a voltage in to the other.
 This happens when a current to the primary coil is
switched on and off.
 If the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil is more
than the primary, a higher voltage can be produced.
 If the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil is less
than the primary a lower voltage is obtained. This is called
‘transformer action’ and is the principle of the ignition coil.
 The value of this ‘mutually induced’ voltage
depends on:
 The primary current.
 The turns ratio between primary and secondary coils.
 The speed at which the magnetism changes.
 Watch video
Magnetic Quantities
The magnetic field strength around a straight wire can be calculated as follows:
Where:

With magnetism, we have the following quantities to deal with:

Magnetomotive Force -- The quantity of magnetic field force, or "push." Analogous to

electric voltage (electromotive force).

Field Flux -- The quantity of total field effect, or "substance" of the field. Analogous to
electric current.

Field Intensity -- The amount of field force (mmf) distributed over the length of the
electromagnet. Sometimes referred to as Magnetizing Force.

Flux Density -- The amount of magnetic field flux concentrated in a given area.

Reluctance -- The opposition to magnetic field flux through a given volume of space or
material. Analogous to electrical resistance.

Permeability -- The specific measure of a material's acceptance of magnetic flux, analogous

to the specific resistance of a conductive material (ρ), except inverse (greater
permeability means easier passage of magnetic flux, whereas greater specific resistance
means more difficult passage of electric current).
Factors Affect The Value Of
Induced Current