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(For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off
methane gas)
WHAT ELSE DO WE KNOW ABOUT OIL AND GAS?
Oil in it’s natural state can be
thick or thin, black or light
colored.
Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth.
Without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way
to the surface and evaporate.
Here’s an example of a dome-
shaped Oil reservoir.
impermeable rock
Oil
Water
Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards.
Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why?
Here’s an example of a Gas reservoir
Gas
Water
Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from escaping.
Here’s an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap
Gas
Oil
Water
Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks
like underground.
receivers
Gas
Oil
WHAT DO WE DO AFTER WE FIND A
RESERVOIR?
?
?
?
WE DRILL INTO IT ! ! !
WHAT DO WE DRILL WITH ?
WE DRILL WITH DRILLING RIG
WHAT’S A DRILLING RIG ?
A Drilling Rig is:
Drill Ship
Inland Barge
a crown block,
a traveling block,
drilling line,
and a drawworks to
This shows a 30 foot section
pull the drilling line up of drill pipe being added to
or down. the drill pipe already in the
hole.
substructure
Drill string
spare drill pipe
Drill bit
The Drilling Mud Cycle
1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel
mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the
drill pipe.
4) the mixture is
circulated across
screens at surface
mud pump
5) the drill cuttings are removed, and 2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the
form a cuttings pile. This can be annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit.
hauled off and disposed of.
Prepared by Tom Sheeran
Here’s a sequence showing how holes are drilled,
First, a large drill bit is used to drill Then, steel casing is run and cemented on
a short interval of hole. the outside to keep the hole from
collapsing.
0’
200’
Next,
a smaller bit is Then, this new
run inside the hole is also
first casing. cased off and
cemented.
This bit drills
out the bottom
of the casing,
and drills new
hole.
200’
500’
Sand good
porosity
Shale
200’
Siltstone
poor
Shale resistivity,
poor
probably
porosity
Siltstone water
Dolomite 500’
Shale
good
good porosity
resistivity,
Looks may have
like oil or gas poor
good porosity
sand
quality poor
3000’
resistivity, good
probably porosity
water
good porosity
200’
poor
resistivity, poor porosity
probably
water
good porosity
good
resistivity,
may have oil
good porosity
}Right here! This shows a clean sand,
Looks or gas with good porosity and resistivity.
like
good poor
sand porosity
quality
poor
resistivity, good porosity
probably water
Packer
Oil
Production Separator
Produced
Water
Produced Gas
Storage Tanks
Oil
The End.
Prepared by Tom Sheeran
About the Author:
Tom Sheeran has been working in the oil and gas industry for over 18
years. He worked summers on a drilling rig while going to school to earn
a degree in Petroleum Engineering. After graduating, he went to work for
Chevron in the Rocky Mountains. In 1990 he began working for Chevron
Overseas Petroleum, and since then has worked all over the world, in
Scotland, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Venezuela, Angola and Nigeria.
Tom is currently employed by Chevron Nigeria Ltd. and is living and
working as a resident in Lagos, Nigeria.
Tom and his wife Shallini have 2 children, and home-schooled in the U.S.
for several years before moving overseas. Tom developed this
presentation for kids so they may learn more about the oil industry.
Tom A. Sheeran
Sr. Drilling Engineer
Chevron Nigeria Ltd.
SHTA@chevron.com
TAS Oct. 1998
….(1)..............is a smelly, yellow-to-black liquid and is
usually found in underground areas called ….......(2).....
Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area by studying
rock samples from the earth. Measurements are taken, and,
if the site seems promising, …......(3)..... begins. Above the
hole, a structure called a 'derrick' is built to house the tools
and ….......(4)........ going into the well. When finished, the
drilled well will bring a steady flow of oil to the ….....(5)
.
….....(1)..... was formed from the (2)…....... of animals
and plants that lived millions of years ago in a marine
(water) (3)…............. before the dinosaurs. Over the
years, the remains were covered by ….....(4).... of mud.
….............(5)....from these layers helped the remains
turn into what we today call crude oil. The word
”(6)….........." means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."