By

Dr. Agus Dwi Anggono

• Mapping:
• Activity-based costing is an information system that maintains
and processes data on a firm’s activities and products/ services.
• Identifies the activities performed,
• traces costs to these activities,
• uses various cost drivers to trace the cost of activities to the final
products/services.
• Cost drivers are factors that create or influence cost and reflect
the consumption of activities by the products/services.
• An ABC system can be used by management for a variety of
purposes relating to both activities and products/services.

• In conventional cost accounting systems, direct costs such as the

costs of specific services are billed directly to the product.
• indirect costs for the entire plant operation (including individual
departments) are typically accumulated and divided by the
total number of employees to determine the additional hourly
rate. In this system, overhead cost per hour is the same
irrespective of the job type.
• not all overhead costs vary on a job basis.
• For instance, overhead costs relating to order processing do not
vary with the amount of processing time that it takes to produce
the order.
• Also, the cost per hour is not the same across all departments
and job types.
• Mapping :
• Agent-driven manufacturing systems are designed to solve shop
floor control problems in manufacturing systems.
• The objective of the agent-driven approach is to design a
factory information system with the capabilities of computer
integrated manufacturing.
• The agent based architecture interprets the components of a
manufacturing system as humans associated with software
agents.
• These agents are connected to message conveying blackboards,
each of which is associated with a manufacturing planning and
control domain.
• The first manufacturing control architectures were usually
centralized or hierarchical.
• The poor performance of these structures in very dynamic
environments and their difficulties.
• An agent manufacturing system is composed of self-organizing
agents that may be completely informational or may represent
subsystems of the physical world.
• At the workshop level, the heterogeneity of the system leads to
agent identification problems.
• One agent identification method is based on the idea that an
agent should be autonomous and intelligent.
• Thus the agent basic capabilities should be:
• To transform its environment in at least one of the dimensions shape, space
and time.
• To verify search results before presenting them.
• To roam the network and seek information autonomously.
• The control behaviour of each agent:
• The part agent and the resource agent negotiate with each
other to manage the operation of part entities and the
functioning of resources.
• The intelligence agent provides different bidding algorithms
and strategies; the monitor agent is used to supplement the
system status.
• The database agent and management agents manipulate inter-
agent information.
• The communication agents carry out all communications between
entities.
• The seven objectives agent are:
1. Capture shop floor data.
2. Provide a highly structured data management system to build a
unified vision of the manufacturing data.
3. Supporting diagnosis, data analysis and forecasting activities.
4. Support the implementation of real-time decisions as well as
decisions scenario analysis.
5. Support intelligent control and information interfaces.
6. Provide the data basis for decision support and planning system.
7. Provide the necessary interfaces to implement manufacturing
planning and control.
• Mapping:
• The autonomous enterprise objective is to manage autonomy,
that is, to maximize freedom without letting the system fall into
chaos.
• Open environments, such as the Internet and corporate intranets,
enable a large number of interested parties to use and
enhance vast quantities of information.
• These environments support modern applications, such as virtual
enterprises, and information access at all places and all times,
involving a number of information sources and component
activities.
• The autonomous enterprise  managing autonomy lies in the
notion of commitments.
• A flexible formulation  provide a natural means through
which autonomous agents.
• By flexible, we mean that it should be possible to cancel or
otherwise modify the commitments.
• Consider a situation in which a purchaser is trying to obtain
some parts from a vendor.
• the vendor to commit to delivering correct parts of the right
quality to the purchaser.
Information management involves three main concerns:

1. Data integrity and flow: correctness of data and how it is

conveyed from one party to another.
2. Organizational structure: how the various parties relate to
each other.
3. Autonomy: how the autonomy of the different parties is
preserved.
• Mapping:
• Computer-aided design (CAD) is a computer software and
hardware combina-tion used in conjunction with computer
graphics to allow engineers and designers to create, draft,
manipulate and change designs on a computer.
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) incorporates the use of
computers to control and monitor several manufacturing
elements such as robots, computerized numerical control (CNC)
machines, storage and retrieval systems, and automated guided
vehicles (AGV).
• A typical CAD system will include software and capabilities for:
• computer solution of nonlinear equations;
• finite elements analysis;
• motional analysis and simulation;
• dynamic analysis and simulation;
• design optimization.
• CAD has important benefits:
• immediately see and correct any gross error in drawings.
• monitor the progress of a problem solution and terminate the run or modify
the input data as required.
• make subjective decisions at critical branch points which guide the computer in
continuation of the problem solution.
• a computer-driven display can present multiple views, moving pictures,
blinking lines, dashed lines, lines of varying intensity, solid modelling, etc.
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) has many meanings and
interpretations.
• the use of a computer to run an automatic programmed tool
(APT) for programming numerical control machines (CNC).
• Technology forecasting predicts for the future – the automatic
factory.
• The automatic factory is a computer integrated manufacturing
system that controls all phases of the industrial enterprise:
product design, process planning, flow of materials, production
planning, positioning of materials, automatic production,
assembly and testing, automatic warehousing, and shipping.
• The common interpretation of CAM is not as ambitious as the
automatic factory.
• Most commonly it involves the utilization of CNC machines and robots.
• Computer numerical control (CNC) machines are locally
programmable machines with dedicated microcomputers.
• CNC provides great flexibility by allowing the machine to be
controlled and programmed in the office.
• Machine setup is transferred to the office, which thus increases
machine operating and processing time.
• CNC allows machines to be integrated with other complementary
technologies such as computer aided design and computer integrated
manufacturing. CNC also serves as the building block for flexible
manufacturing systems (FMS).
• Mapping:
• The global manufacturing network uses the Internet as a
resource focused on:
• Manufacturing
• Products
• Services
• Providing an unequalled storehouse
• Information to help manufacturing professionals and their companies stay
competitive.
• The Internet has the potential to become a strategic information
management tool for manufacturing companies.
• Internet users can access four basic functions:
1. e-mail;
2. discussion groups;
3. long-distance computing;
4. file transfer.
• Internet used in the manufacturing arena, allowing the following
features:
1. Sending and receiving design and manufacturing information as soon as
it’s updated.
2. Retrieving or simply running a computer file off a system hundreds of
miles away.
3. Researching manufacturing problems to see if some national laboratory
has already solved them or is working with a consortium on the problem.
4. Shopping for new capital equipment and comparing specs from several
vendors without being inundated with paper.
5. Marketing new products to a global audience.
6. Maintaining a line of communications with technical peers.
• A global manufacturing network (GMN) was launched by the
society of manufacturing engineers (SME).
• GMN users can get practical advice on technical problems,
download application software programs, and conduct in-depth
manufacturing research on a variety of topics from several
sources.
• Website: https://www.sme.org/
Terangkan dengan ringkas, apa yang dimaksud dengan sistem
manufaktur berikut ini:
1. Activity-based costing – ABC
2. Agent-driven approach
3. Autonomous enterprise
4. CAD/CAM, CNC, Robots Computer-aided design and
manufacturing
5. Global manufacturing network (GMN)

• Jawaban ditulis dalam kertas folio bergaris.