UTLIN Harmonic distortion - What it is

Harmonic calculations and definitions

Harmonic limiting standards

Harmonic reduction techniques

Danfoss Solution

12/08/10 Advanced Harmonic Filter

Displacement power-factor, DPF

Voltage
Current
Apparent power:
S=Voltage * Current

Active power:
P= Voltage * Current * cosine(f)

Reactive power: Displacement angle, φ

Q= Voltage * Current * sine(f)
S
Q
φ
P

Displacement power-factor (DPF) = cos(φ )

12/08/10 Advanced Harmonic Filter

Total Harmonic Distortion, THD

Current THD is defined as

THD =
hmax
∑
h =2
( )
I(h) 2
I (1)
⋅100 %
The RMS value of a non-sinusoidal Current waveform is defined as
hmax
I RMS = ∑ I ( h ) 2
h =1
which relates to the THD as

I RMS =I (1) 1 + THD2

THD definition applies to current and voltage waveforms.

12/08/10 Advanced Harmonic Filter

 True power-factor, PF ( λ )

The basic power-factor definition is

P I (1) ⋅ DPF
PF = PF =
S I RMS
For sinusoidal voltage and current the definition reduces to PF =DPF = Cos (ϕ )
DPF
Power-factor relates to current THD as PF =
1 + THD 2

For an VFD with dc-link inductor the displacement power-factor is almost 1

(typically 0.99) and therefore
1
PF ≈
1 + THD 2
 Power-factor is decreased by reactive power and harmonic currents
 Low power-factor means high RMS current and thus higher losses in cable and transformer

12/08/10 Advanced Harmonic Filter

Illustrative way to understand PQ

S = kVA

Q = kVAR
(nonwork
producing)

D = kVAH
(nonwork
producing) φ
P = kW (work producing)

Advanced Harmonic Filter 5

 Illustrative way to understand PQ

THiD = 0%
Iq = 0 PF = 1
Cos (ϕ ) = 1 ID = 0 Ip = Irms = 1

Filter 1
THiD = 45% Irms =1.1 PF =
ID = 0.45 1 + THD 2
Cos (ϕ ) = 1
Ip = 1
FC
THiD = 0 Irms =1.1
Iq = 0.48 PF = DPF= Cos (φ )
Cos (φ ) = 0.9
IM Ip = 1

Advanced Harmonic Filter 6

 Total Demand Distortion, TDD

TDD = Current Harmonic Distortion in percentage of maximum demand load current

THD =
hmax
∑
h =2
( )
I(h) 2
I (1)
⋅100 %

TDD =
hmax
∑
h =2
( )
I(h) 2
I( L)
⋅100 %

TDD is a system level parameter as it depends upon the definition of IL.

The definition of IL is crucial to this parameter.

12/08/10 Advanced Harmonic Filter

Partial Weighted Harmonic Distortion,
PWHD
Partial weighted harmonic distortion is starting at h=14
and multiplying the harmonics with the order h

PWHD =
hmax
∑h⋅
h =14
( )
I(h) 2
I (1)
⋅100 %

Higher harmonics are the the key to this index

Advanced Harmonic Filter 8