Comparisons Between Petronas

Twin Tower and Taipei 101

Group Member:
1. Sim Chuan Chai
2. Lee Chee Kiat
3. Pang Hock Chew
4. Lau Chee Kiong
History and Background
Petronas Twin Towers
452m
Location: Kuala Lumpur

Height: 452 m

Construction Start: 1992

Construction End: 1998

Functions: Mixed-use development

(office, rental, entertainment)
Architecture:
Cesar Pelli , in association with KLCC architects

Contractor:
Hazama Corporation (Tower 1)
Samsung Engineering and Construction (Tower
2)

Structural Engineer: Thornton Tomasetti Inc.

Award: 2004 Aga Khan Award for Architecture

 Each tower 88 stories
high

Towers are connected

by a sky bridge at the
41 and 42 floors.
 509.2m
Taipei 101
Location: Xin Yi Disrict of Taipei

Height: 509.2 m

Construction Start: 1998

Construction End: 2004

Functions: Mixed-use development

(office, rental, entertaiment)
Architecture:
C.Y. Lee & Partners

Contractor:
by KTRT Joint Venture and Samsung
Engineering & Construction

Structural Engineer:
Thornton Tomasetti Inc. and Evergreen
Consulting Engineering Inc

Award: 2004 Emporis Skyscraper Award

92-100 floors :Communication facilities
88-101 floor : Observation decks
86-88 floors : Restaurants
7-84 floors: Offices
5-6 floors : Fitness center
1-4 floors : Retail facilities

*World’s largest Tuned Mass Damper

(TMD) & fastest Elevator
Foundation and Soil
Condition
Petronas Twin Towers
Original construction sites not
suitable !!

Reason:
the irregularities of the
‘Kenny Hill’ limestone
bedrock.
Each Tower weight 300,000
metric tons
Exerts 1140 kilopascals of
pressure
>twice the weight bearing
capacity of Kenny Hill Soil
Towers will slope steeply
over time
Solution:
Shift to new location 60m southeast from the
original

Why?
The bedrock significantly deeper and regular.
More suitable to build the foundation
Foundation system

 4.5m thick pile raft (concrete

mat)

Rectangular friction piles

(barrettes) varying in depth from
40m to 105m

Each tower supported by 104

barrettes

Took 1 year time

Friction piles
Narrower than traditional concrete piles

Why in rectangular form instead of

circular?
More larger
Less number of piles need to be used
Saves cost
Better ability to withstand tension
Better foundation
Taipei 101
Pacific Ring of fire
 Bedrock Profile
10 10
W-E
0 0

-10
CL : SPT-N < 8 -10

………… ……
Elevation (m)

Elevation (m)
-20 -20

…………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………….
……………………………
-30
CV1 : Clay & silty sand, N > 8 -30

…………………………
...
-40

-50
...
.. CV2 : Sandy gravel with rock fragments, N > 30 SS4
-40

-50
SS/SH4
-60
Bedrock : Sandstone & Siltstone with Sandstone/Shale, N > 50~100
SS3
-60

-70 SS/SH2 SS2 SS/SH3 -70

SS1

three layers of soft sediment were covering

the solid bedrock below
piles need to bore deeply to create a
foundation
Problem:
 A fault that is 10 meter wide and only 198 meter
from the construction sites.

 Massive weigh of building might trigger the fault

 EARTHQUAKES

Solutions:
700 hundred thousand tons of soil =the mass of the
mega structure was removed
No effect on the bedrock
Foundation Sytem of Taipei
101

Compare to Petronas Twin Towers

Much shallower
More piles is used
Concrete piles is used in the construction.
Characteristics:
308 concrete piles
Depth of 80m into
ground
30m into the bedrock
Piles connected to
concrete slab(mat)
15 months to be done
Design & Architectures
Design Concept of Taipei 101
Following Chinese
Pagoda Form

Influences by Chinese
culture
Using Number 8 as the
Lucky Number
 8 pagoda shaped blocks
 8 super-columns,
 16 columns comprising
the core
 the 8m length of the
Chinese Ru-yi symbol
Shape of hollow bamboo
Symbolism of modesty and
humbleness.
growing of the Taiwan
economy
Ru-Yi
traditional lantern-like
4 sides at the top of each of
the 8 segment
symbolism fulfillment
First tower build :-
practice of Feng-Shui.

Feng shui: -science of positioning obje

(garden, waterfall, flower.)

Taipei 101:- perpendicular road ran stra

to building sites. - adding fountain t
block.
Design Concept of Petronas
Twin Towers
Influence by Islamic culture

concept of the two squares

interlocking

Problem:
 make a lot of space wasting

Solution:
placing eight semicircles in the
angle of the corner to expand the
space.
Structural System
Structural System of Taipei 101
Each face 2 steel
box mega columns

Each face 2 sub steel

box mega columns

Squared
shaped core

Each face 2
steel box corner
columns
Up to floors 26
 No more sub steel
box columns
mega steel box
column continues
upward

Above floors 26
floor is connected by 8 steel box
mega column with dimension of 2 x
2,4m to squared shaped core

forming a tick-tack-toe board

All the columns are filled with

10,000 psi high performance concrete

Outriggers connect mega-columns

and the core at every eight level
 Structural System of Petronas Twin Towers
supported by a ring of
sixteen cylindrical columns

concrete outrigger beam

23x23m concrete core

Linked by slightly
arched ring beams

12 smaller perimeter
columns and ring beams
around each ‘bustle’
columns are about 2.4 meter in
diameter at the base

but taper as they rise through the floors

sloping towards the centre

perimeter columns is tied to the cores at

38 and 40 levels by concrete outrigger
beam

constructed entirely of in-situ high

strength concrete
Comparison of Structural System
Difference
Petronas Twin Tower
reinforced concrete tube-
in-tube with the outriggers
system
Taipei 101
composite mega-columns
with central core and
outriggers system

Similarities
high strength concrete is used as
a construction material

Reason:
easily available from local
market
Important Feature
Skybridge of Petronas Twin Towers
Function:
facility component to
circulate movement between
the two towers

Original design:
suspense the skybridge by the
spider-like steel cables

Problem:
cannot efficiently to
accommodate the differing
movements caused by wind
factor from each tower

Solution:

inverted
inverted V-shaped
V-shaped two-hinged
two-hinged arch
arch to
to
supports
supports the
the bridge
bridge in
in center
center
 support a pair of parallel two-
span continuous bridge girders
at level 41
rotational pin directly over the
arch crown.

Rotational pins
(spherical
bearing) at the
each end of the two-hinged arch
struts. springs spring from
level 29 at 63°
Functions of Arch
as a centering device to equilibrium the movement of both towers.

Tow Anmoves together or apart

Case when towers
Sphe
Le Bri
rical
ers gle beari g dge
mov of ng mip
es rotat fle
leg oint
toge
s
es at x rise
ther
or cha sprin at or
apar ng
g the sin
poin
t
es ts top k
Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)of Taipei 101
passive damper that reduces wind
movement in high-rises

occupied between levels 87 to 91

world’s largest TMD (diameter=5.5m)

Heaviest (wieght= 660 metric tons)

Design, manufactured , constrcuted by

Motionnering Inc.

cost : NT$ 130 million

Case when towers moves in opposite
Tow
lateral directions the
the
ers bridg Mai
arch
mov spring
e end ntai
es beari
points
ngs n at
oppo twist
site on the
slide orig
in
later spheri
oppo
inal
cal
al bearin site posi
direc gs direct tion
tion ions
 Structure of TMD Sphere-shaped mass block
consists of 41 layers of 12.5cm steel
Steel cables plates
suspended from level 92 welded together to the steel cradle

Steel Cradle
grips by eight
primary
hydraulic pistons

Hydraulic pistons
 two meter long

Bumper system
locked the huge mass block in
position especially during
earthquakes
 Sphere mass block
acts as a pendulum that equivalent to 0.26 of
building weight.
Wind
How it works?
Damp motio Hyd
Spher
er Buildi n of uli
e
Build (spher ng’s buildi pisto
swing
e vibrat ng is diss
ing is in
mass ion is conve ate
sway oppos
block count rted the
ing ite
) is erbala into hea
direct
activa nce heat ene
ion
ted energ y
y
Able to reduce the
tower’s peak
vibrations > 1/3
Conclusion
design and architecture are mainly originated from
their local country culture

built on deep foundation in order to support them

firmly

structural system is not the same

subjected to wind factor during construction

Future Trends of Skyscrapers

Future skyscraper will continuously

increased in height
Reason:
Improvements of technology in
structural systems
 materials
 elevators
damping systems.
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