WIRING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
Wiring System
Requirement of electrical installation
Types of wiring System.
TW Batten wiring
PVC Casing Capping Wiring
Conduit Pipe Wiring.
IE Rules of Wiring.
 Fundamental concept of electrical energy
• Introduction.
• Importance of electricity.
• Use of electricity
• 1. In industries : Heating, welding,
electroplating.
• 2. Domestic : Light, fan, heater, washing
machine.
• 3. Commercial : Cinema, Lift, water pump,
lighting, adverting display.
Direct Current.
Alternating current.
Source of electricity.
1. Battery.
2. Dc generator.
3. Alternator.
 Wiring introduction & system
Introduction of wiring.
Types of wiring as using.
1. Domestic Wiring.
2. Commercial Wiring.
3. Industrial wiring.
Wiring System
1. Tree System.
2. Distribution system
Tree system
Adv
• The length of the cable required for the
installation of the wiring is less and therefore
the initial cost is also very less
Disadv
• Fuses in the installation are scattered
• Location of finding faults is not easy
• The voltage available at different points of
load will vary
• Appearance of system is not so good
 Distribution system
• Most commonly used nowadays
Adv
• Fault finding is very easy
• The voltage available at different points of
the circuits will be the same
• Renewal of extension of the circuit is easy
Disadv
Length of the cable required for the installation
is more. Therefore the initial cost of erection
is also more
Indian electricity rules pertaining to Domesting wiring
Electrical Supply line and equipment ’s
construction, Installation, protection, operation
and safety.
Consumer ‘s service line and equipment.
Cut out in consumer’s area.
Introduction of earth conductor and earth neutral
position of switch and cut out.
Earth terminal in consumer’s area.
Handling of electrical supply line and equipment.
Supply of energy and uses.
Seal of meter and cut out.
 RULES FOR WIRING
i. According to ISI, the total lighting load in a sub circuit should not be more
than 800w or 10 points, whichever is less
ii. The maximum power load in sub circuit should not be more than 2000w
iii. The current rating of the main switch board and distribution box should be
calculated according to the load on the current
iv. The cable used in the installation should be kept free from the dampness,
fire, chemical fumes and leakage
v. In domestic wiring, the wall socket used must have an earth point
connected with the earth continuity conductor
vi. All the metal covering in an installation should be earthed
vii. No switch or fuse should be installed in the earth continuity conductor
viii. A live wire must be protected by a fuse of current rating depending on the
requirement of the load
ix. The height of the controlling board in an installation should be 1.5meter
from the ground level and should be left side of the entrance
x. The height of the fan light and light point should be 2.75m and 2.5m
respectively from the ground level
xi. Round blocks should be fixed with two screws on diametrical ends
xii. Every sub circuit must have a separate distribution fuse board
xiii The light and power wiring circuits should be installed independently
xiv. The switches and starters of the motor should be easily accessible to the
operator
xv. In an ac 3 phase four wire system, the distribution of the load should be
indicated by red, yellow, blue color and the neutral with black
xvi. When the installation is has been completed, it should be tested with a
megger before connecting t to supply
xvii. Double earthling should be provided with all machines that works on
medium and high voltages
xviii. if the operating voltage of the circuit exceeds more than 250v, a
CAUTION notice should be fixed on equipments
 SELECTION OF WIRING
1. INITIAL COST
2. DURABILITY
3. MECHANICAL PROTECTION
4. SAFETY FROM FIRE
5. APPEARANCE
6. ACCEBILITY
7. LIFE
8. MAINTENANCE COST
 WIRING

 Introduction of wiring.
 Types of wiring according to the Uses.
1. Domestic Wiring.
2. Commercial Wiring.
3. Industrial Wiring.
 Factors Affecting choice of wiring

 Safety
 Duration
 Appearance
 Accessibility
 Maintenance
 Cost
 Types of Wiring
1. Cleat Wiring
2. Batten Wiring
(a) PVC Batten wiring.
(b) TRS/CTS Wiring.
(c) Lead Sheath Wiring.
3. Casing Capping wiring
(a) Wood Casing capping Wiring
(b) PVC Casing Capping Wiring.
4. Conduit Wiring
(a) Surface conduit wiring
Metal Conduit Wiring
PVC conduit wiring
(b) Concealed Conduit Wiring
Metal Conduit Wiring.
PVC Conduit wiring.
 CLEAT WIRING
• Introduction
The types of wiring to be adopted is dependent on
various factors, viz, durability, safety, appearance,
cost, consumer’s budget etc.
• Cleat wiring
This System uses insulated Cables sub protected
in porcelain cleats.
• Single core VIR cables or PVC insulated
cables are used in this system
Cleat wiring is recommended only for temporary
installations.
The cleats are made in pairs having bottom and top
halves. The bottom half is grooved to receive the wire
and the top half is for cable grip. Initially the bottom
and top cleats are fixed on the wall loosely according
to the layout. Then the cable is drawn, tensioned and
the cleats are tightened by the screw.
Cleats are of three types, having one, two or three
grooves, so as to receive one, two or three wires.
• Cleat wiring is one of the cheapest wiring considering
the initial cost and labor, and is most suitable for
temporary wiring.
• This wiring can be quickly installed, easily inspected
and altered.
• When not required, this wiring could be dismantled
without damage to the cables, cleats and accessories
• B.I.S. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLEAT
WIRING
• General
This system shall not be employed for wiring on
damp walls or ceilings unless precautions are
adopted for effectively preventing dampness and
thus the deterioration of the insulation of the
conductors.
• Accessibility
Cleat wiring shall be run, as far as practicable, so as
to be visible. In positions where they would be
liable to mechanical injury and where they are less
than 1.5 m above the floor, they shall be
adequately protected.
• Class of cables
Vulcanized rubber insulted cables, PVC and
polythene insulted cables, braided or unbraided
insulted cables could be used without any further
protection.
• Cleats
All cleats shall consist of two parts, a base piece
and a cap. Cleats shall be fixed at distances not
more than 60 cm apart and at regular intervals.
 Where cleat wiring is laid along an iron joist,
porcelain cleats shall be inserted either with
varnished wood fillets or varnished wood clamps
securely fixed so as to prevent the conductors from
coming in contact with the metal along witch they
are passing.
• Fixing of cleats
In ordinary cases, cleats shall be attached to wooden
plugs fixed to the walls
• Distance apart of wires
For pressure up to 250 volts, cleats shall be of such
dimensions that in the case of branch loads,
conductors shall not be less than 2.5 cm apart,
centre to centre, and in the case of sub-mains not
less than 4 cm apart, centre to centre. Care shall be
taken in selecting the size of cleats particularly for
branch distribution wiring where two-way and
three-way porcelain cleats are essential and the
difference in size shall be reasonable. Care should
• also be taken ensure that grooves f porcelain cleats
are essential and the difference in size shall be
reasonable. Care should also be taken ensure that
grooves of porcelain cleats do not compress the
insulation nor be too wide for a loose fit. Under no
circumstances two wires shall be placed in one
groove of the porcelain cleats.
• Crossing of conductors
Where cleated conductors cross each other they shall be separated
by an insulating bridging piece, which will rigidly maintain a
distance of atleast1.3 cm between the conductors. Where joints
are required for connecting bifurcating wires, junction boxes
with porcelain connectors inside shall be used.
• Protection near the floor
No cleat wiring shall be left unprotected up to 1.5 m above the
floor level. When brought through the floor it shall be enclosed
in a conduit. (IS 732-1963)
 Cleat wiring
• Advantages
In this wiring faults can easily be located

• Disadvantages
It collects dust over the wire
There is no protection from mechanical
injury, fire, gas or water pipes
 BATTEN WIRING

• Lead sheathed wiring system

• Tough rubber-Sheathed (T.R.S.) or Cab
tyre sheathed (C.T.S) wiring system
 BATTEN WIRING
• Batten Wiring
Tough rubber-Sheathed (T.R.S.) or PVC- Sheathed
cables are suitable to run on teak wood battens.
• Varnishing of teak wood batten
• Method of securing the battens
• Suitability of tough rubber-sheathed cable
• Suitability of PVC sheathed cable
• Painting
• Bending in wiring
• Passing through the walls
• Buried cable
• It is used for low voltage installation acids not suitable where acids or
alkalies are likely to be present
• In this wiring system single, two and three core lead covered VIR cables
are used in places exposed to the sun and rain provided no joints is
there in the installation
• The cables are fixed to the wooden batten by means of link clips
• the sharp bending of the cable should be avoided
• This system should requires proper earthing
• The cables are fixed to the wooden batten
by means of link clips
• These clips are fixed at an interval of
10cm in the case of horizontal distance
15cm in the case of vertical distances
• After this these wooden battons are then
fixed by means of wooden plugs which are
fixed in the walls at the distance not less
than 60cm 0r 75cm maximum
• Link Clips
Link clips are used for family clipping the cables in
position.
Link clips are of two types.
• Link clip which has separate linking eye.
• Joint link clip which has combined linking eye.
Link clip are available in the following size.
25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 50mm, 63mm, 80mm, out of
which up to 40mm clips have one hole, while above
that they have two holes for fixing.
Fig2 shows the joint link clips. These are available in
the sizes 16mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 50mm,
63mm, 80mm with a thickness of 0.32mm and have
one hole up to 40mm while above that they have two
hole for fixing.
Link clips are made of tin or brass- coated tin or
aluminum.
• Advantages:-
Sufficient mechanical protection
Protection from the fire is good

• Disadvantages:-
Expensive
Not suitable where fumes or acid are present
• Generally used in large buildings
hospitals and for short distance service
mains in domestic wiring
 CTS or TRS wiring system
• In this wiring system single, two and three
core tough rubber sheathed cables are
used for low voltage installation
• It should be exposed to the sun and rain
• However PVC sheathed cables are also
suitable for medium voltage installation
and they may be installed under exposed
conditions of the sun, rain or damp places
and where fumes of acid or alkalies are
present
• TRS cables are fixed on the well
seasoned, perfectly straight and well
varnished wooden battens by means of
joint clips as explained in lead sheathed
wiring system not less than 10mm in
thickness and the width of which is such
as to fit the total width of the cables laid on
the batten(10 to 50mm)
• Wooden plugs used for fittings the batten
should be fixed at a minimum interval of
60cm apart or 75cm a part maximum
• The wiring should not be given any right
angle bend
• For this purpose it should be rounded off
at the corner to a radius not less than six
times than the overall diameter of the
cable
• It is preferred to pass the wire through the
conduit pipe when passing through the
walls, ceiling or floor
• For this purpose wooden or porcelain
bushes should be provided both sides of
the conduits
• In no condition the TRS cables should be
buried directly under the plaster
• After the completion of the wiring
installation it should be varnished again to
suit the surrounding atmosphere
• It does not require earthing
• This wiring can be erected easily and
quickly
• Life is about 30 years
• Used in large buildings hospitals and at
places where chemical fumes and
moisture are present
 advantages
• Protection from dampness is excellent
• Requires semi skilled labour
• Very long life
• Good mechanical protection
• Its general appearance is very good
 CASING CAPPING WIRING
• Introduction
This system of wiring is suitable for low voltage
installation, in this wiring, cables like vulcanized
rubber, insulated cables or plastic insulated cables are
use and carried within the wood casing enclosures.
The wood casing wiring system shall not be use in
damp places and in ill-ventilated places, unless
suitable precautions are taken.
• Material and pattern of casing
All casing shall be of first class, seasoned teak wood
or any other approved hardwood free from knots,
shakes, saps or other defects, with all the sides planed
to a smooth finish, and all sides well varnished, both
inside and out side with pure shellac varnish. The
casing shall have a grooved body with a beaded or
plain- molded cover as desired.
• Dimensions of casing.
The size of casing and capping to be used for various
sizes of 250 volts grade insulated cables in a groove
shall be in accordance with those specified in table 1.
• Bunching of circuits.
• Attachment of casing to wall and ceiling.
• Attachment of capping.
• Passing over the floors.
• Joints in casing and capping.
• The casing is first installed by means of flathead,
countersunk wood screws to the wooden
plugs(gutties) on dry walls or ceiling at an
interval of not exceeding 90cm for size up to
64mm and not exceeding 60cm for size above
64mm casing
• It should be separated from the wall or ceiling by
porcelain round cleat not less than 6.5mm thick
thus avoiding the effect of moisture in the wall
• Types of Joint
1. Straight joint.
2. Tee joint.
3. Right- angled joint.
4. Corner joint.
5. Tee-bridge joint.
6. Cross- bridge joint.
1. Straight joint.
1. Tee joint.
1. Corner joint.
• Half-lap T joint
• Cross- Joint
 The points to be noted
• Only seasoned teak wood should be used for casing and capping to
avoid trouble from white ants
• The casing should be well fixed to the walls and in no case it should be
supported by the wires themselves
• Proper measurements should be taken to avoid gaps
• In no case the casing should be buried under plaster or masonry work
• When the wiring is to cross a wall it must pass through conduits
• At bends the grooves must be well rounded off to avoid the insulation
being damaged
• While fixing capping to the casing with the help of wooden screws, care
should be taken that they go into dividing wall of the casing, otherwise
they will damage the insulation of the wires
• Advantages
Sufficient mechanical protection

• Disadvantages
Great risk of fire
Difficult to find faults
Not damp proof
Erection is not simple
• The cost of labour required for this system
is very high
• This system of wiring is suitable for dry
places only and the life is about 20 years
• This system of wiring has now been
superceded by the CTS wiring system
 CONDUIT WIRING

• Introduction
In general, a conduit is defined as a tube or channel.
Tubular conduit is the most commonly used
material in electrical installations. When cables are
drawn through the conduit and terminated at the
outlet or switch points, the system of wiring is
called conduit wiring.
• Two types of conduit wiring
1. Surface conduit wiring
2. concealed conduit wiring
 Surface conduit wiring
• Suitable for low and medium voltage
wiring installations
• VIR or PVC cables are run in metal pipes
known as conduits which provide good
mechanical protection to the insulation of
the cable and reduce the risk of the fire
• The cables are drawn through the conduit
pipe means of steel wire known as fish
wire
• Conduits pipes are available in various
sizes which vary from 12mm to 75mm
• The size of the conduit to be selected for
the wiring depends upon the diameter and
the number of cables to carried through
the conduit
• In this wiring system threaded conduits are
fixed on the surface of the walls by means
of a saddle to the wooden plugs provided
at an interval of not more than 1m.
• The distance of the wooden plugs on
either side of the junction box or other
conduit accessories should not be more
than 30cm from the centre of the fittings
• In long running pipes the junction boxes
are provided at a sufficient distance to
facilitate the drawing in of wires
 Concealed conduit wiring
• Also known as recessed conduit wiring
and comply with all the requirements of
surface conduit wiring
• In this system small channels are formed
in the walls, ceiling, etc when the building
is under construction
• The conduit pipes are erected in these
channels by staples or saddle s more than
60cm apart
• Inspection type conduit accessories like
inspection tee, elbow or junction boxes are fitted
flush mounted on the walls at a sufficient
distance during the installation of the conduit to
facilitate the drawing in or removal of wires
• After the erection of the conduit pipes in the
channels these are closed and brought to the
original finish of the wall
• All the insulating accessories fixed on an
insulating sheet which is fitted on the cast iron
boxes
• This system of wiring has a neat and
attractive appearance and therefore it is
used in public buildings domestic wiring
industrial workshops
• This system requires good and continuous
earthing and therefore it must be connected
to the earth at the point of entry of the
supply cables
• This system is very costly and offers good
mechanical protection
• Life approximately 40 years
• Types of conduits.
There are four types of conduits used for wiring.
1.Rigid steel conduit
2.Rigid non-metallic conduit
3.Flexible steel conduit
4.Flexible non metallic conduit.
• PVC Fittings and accessories couplers
1. Couplers
2. Elbow
3. Bends
4. Tee
5. Circular boxes
6. Rectangular boxes.
• Couplers
Bushings
Lock nuts
• Elbow
• Bends
• Tees
• Circular boxes
• Rectangular boxes
• Junction Boxes
• Advantages
Mechanical protection is very good
Very good protection against fire
Protection against moisture
Damaged cables easily replaced
Neat and attractive appearance
• Disadvantages
Initial cost is high
Danger of burr due to bad workmanship
In Damp condition there is a chance of
moisture condensation
 Installation of conduit wiring
• Thin wall conduits
• Rigid conduits
• Flexible conduits
• Thin wall conduits
Close joint conduits
Brazed conduits
• Rigid conduits
1. black enamelled
• 2. galvanized
 Flexible conduits
1. Concaved double strip
2. Flat double strip
3. Single strip
Thank you