Material Balance

Lecture by :
Ir. Dewi Tristantini MT. PhD.

University of Indonesia
Definition
“Materials Balance analysis (MB) is a
systematic reconstruction of the way
in which a chemical element, a
compound or material passes through
a natural cycle and/or its economical
benefits. An analysis of the material
flow, usually is based on the origin of a
physical balance.”

German investigation Committe, 1993

 Uses
• ‘day to day’ operation of process for
monitoring operating efficiency
• Making calculations for design and
development of a process i.e. quantities
required, sizing equipment, number of items
of equipment
 Basic Knowledge
BASIS
The basis is the reference chosen for the
calculations in any particular problems. A
proper choice of basis frequently makes the
problem much easier to solve.
For selecting a suitable basis, ask yourself the
following questions:
1. What do I have to start with?
2. What answer is called for?
3. What is the most convinient basis to use?
 Basic Knowledge
CHEMICAL EQUATION AND STOICHIMETRY
Chemical equation provides both qualitative
and quantitative information essential for the
calculation of the combining moles of
materials involved in a chemical process.

• Stoichiometry: quantitative relation ship

between reactants and products.
• Stoichiometric ratios: ratios obtained from the
numerical coefficients in the chemical
equation.
 Basic Knowledge
CHEMICAL EQUATION AND STOICHIMETRY
Chemical equation provides both qualitative
and quantitative informations essential for the
calculation of the combining moles of
materials involved in a chemical process.

• Stoichiometry: quantitative relationship

between reactants and products.
• Stoichiometric ratios: ratios obtained from the
numerical coefficients in the chemical
equation.
Basic Knowledge
Basic Knowledge
 Example
Antimony is obtained by heating pulverized stibnite
(Sb2S3) with scrap iron and drawing off the molten
antimony from the bottom of reaction vessel.
Sb2S3 + 3Fe → 2Sb + 3FeS
Suppose that 0.600 kg of stibnite and 0.250 kg of iron
turnings is heated together to give 0.200 kg of Sb
metal. Determine:
• a. The limiting reactant
• b. The percentage of excess reactant
• c. The degree of completion (fraction)
• d. The percent conversion
• e. The yield
Solution
Solution
Solution
 It’s Very Simple Right ? =)
Just Like a Piece of Cake =)

Now Let’s See The Real Mass Balance Calculation

 Material Balance

 Conservation mass principle is used because it

indicates that:
• Input Material = Output Material
whereas :

• Units of measurements given in kg or moles or m3

per time
 Flow diagram

• Graphic interpretation of the materials flows.

It shows volumes, proportions, ecological
relevance among other characteristics.
• Indicate the sequence or steps of the
productive process.
Example 1: Input and Output diagram
Auxiliary materials
Water Energy

Product
Raw material Unit (expected)
Operation byproduct
(usable)

Waste

Waste easily Inert waste

assimilated by toxic/dangerous
always available waste
the
environment
 FEED (F) PRODUCT (P)
PROCESS
In (SYSTEM) Out

FRESH FEED (F1) FEED (F2) PROCESS PRODUCT (P)

In (SYSTEM) Out

RECYCLE (R)

By-Pass

FRESH FEED (F1) PROCESS PRODUCT (P)

FEED (F2)
In (SYSTEM) Out

RECYCLE (R)
 Examples of Input and Output

Raw Gaseous emissions

materials

Catalyst
Plant, Process Products
Air/Water or Unit
Operation By-products
Energy

Recycle Wastewater

Liquid waste

Reusable residues in other Solid waste

operation
Examples of the Flow Diagram
Usage
Mass balance filtration/centrifuge

wash water/solvent

feed suspension solid

waste water filtrate

 Filtration

5000 kg DM water

F1
Water 300 kg
Impurity 55 kg
API 448 kg
Water 2600 kg
Impurity 5 kg
API 450 kg
Water 7300 kg
Impurity 50 kg
API 2kg
 Mass balance - drier

water/evaporated solvent

product
feed

water/evaporated solvent
+ dried material
Mass balance – extraction/phase split

A+B A+B

S S+B

A = feed solvent; B = solute; S = extracting solvent

 Mass balances – multiple units
• Overall balance
• Unit balances
• Component balances
 Multiple units
W2

F1 E C F P3

R4

E = evaporator; C = crystalliser; F=filter unit

F1 = fresh feed; W2=evaporated water; P3 = solid product;
R4 = recycle of saturated solution from filter unit
 Mass balance procedures
1. Process description
2. Flowsheet
3. Label
4. Assign algebraic symbols to unknowns
(compositions, concentrations, quantities)
5. Select basis
6. Write mass balance equations (overall, total,
component, unit)
7. Solve equations for unknowns
 Problems
PROBLEMS
1. A cereal product containing 55% water is made at the rate of 500 kg/hr.
You need to dry the product so that it contains only 30% water. How
much water has to be evaporated per hour?

2. To prepare a solution of 50.0% sulfuric acid, a dilute waste acid

containing 28.0% H2SO4 is fortified with a purchased acid containing
96.0% H2SO4 . How many kilograms of the purchased acid must be
bought for each 100 kg of dilute acid?

3. An aqueous etching solution containing 8.8% KI is to be prepared to

etch gold in printed circuit boards. The desired solution is to be formed
by combining a strong solution (12% KI and 3% I2 in H2O) with a weak
solution (2.5% KI and 0.625% I2 in H2O)
What should be the value of R, the ratio of the weights of the strong to
the weak solution, to make up the desired etching solution? What will
be the concentration of I2 in the final solution?