Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
1. Identify the mode of inheritance of a particular trait given the
pedigree;
2. predict the genotypes os the parents; and
3. compute the probability of occurrence of an affected offspring in
a given cross
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• PEDIGREE - making use of diagrams showing the ancestral
relationships and transmission of genetic traits over several
generation in a family
• PROBAND - the individual in the pedigree that led to the construction
of a pedigree
• LAW OF SEGREGATION (1ST MENDELIAN LAW) - for every trait
governed by a pair of alleles, these alleles segregate or separate
during gamete formation in meiosis
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (2ND MENDELIAN LAW) - A pair
of alleles for one trait will segregate or separate independently of
another pair of alleles for another trait during meiosis
• AUTOSOMAL TRAIT - a trait whose alleles that control it are found in
the autosomes (body chromosomes/ non-sex chromosomes)
• GENOTYPE - the gene pair an individual carries for a particular trait
symbolized by letters
• dominant allele - uppercase letters
• recessive allele - lowercase letters
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT TRAIT - with two dominant alleles
• HETEROZYGOUS TRAIT - with a dominant and recessive allele, the
individual showing the dominant phenotype
• HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE TRAIT - with two recessive alleles
• PHENOTYPE - the observable trait of an individual based on its
genotype
• Dominant - a trait that requires at least one dominant allele for the trait to be
expressed
• Recessive - a trait that requires two recessive alleles for the trait to be
expressed
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• PHENOCOPY - a trait that is expressed due to specific environmental
condition and is not due to genotype
• IDENTICAL TWINS - monozygotic twins; derived from a single
fertilization event and blastomores separate and become
independent mass of cells implanted in the mother's womb
• FRATERNAL TWINS - dizygotic twins; twins that arederived from
separate fertilization events resulting to two separate zygotes
MENDELIAN LAWS OF INHERITANCE
• LAW OF SEGREGATION
The law of segregation is based on four main concepts:
• Genes exist in more than one form or allele.
• Organisms inherit two alleles (one from each parent) during sexual
reproduction.
• These alleles separate during meiosis, leaving each gamete with
one allele for a single trait.
• Heterozygous alleles exhibit complete dominance as one allele is
dominant and the other recessive.
MENDELIAN LAWS OF INHERITANCE
• LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
- allele pairs separate
independently during the
formation of gametes.
Therefore, traits are
transmitted to offspring
independently of one
another.
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
WHAT IS A PEDIGREE ANALYSIS CHART?
A. 100%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 0%
In a cross between a pure bred, red-eyed female fruit
fly and a white-eyed male, what percent of the male
offspring will have white eyes? (white eyes are X-linked,
recessive)
A. 100%
B. 75%
C. 50%
D. 25%
E. 0%
Hemophilia in humans is due to an X-
chromosome mutation. What will be the
results of mating between a normal (non-
carrier) female and a hemophilac male?
A human female "carrier" who is
heterozygous for the recessive, sex-linked
trait red color blindness, marries a
normal male.
What proportion of their female progeny
will show the trait?
• The last Emperor of Russia, Nicolas II, was married to
Empress Alexandra, and they had five children, Olga, Tatiana,
Maria, Anastasia, and Alexis. Alexis was the only one who
was afflicted with hemophilia or the royal bleeding disease;
all other members were normal.
• If only Prince Alexis was afflicted with the disease,
determine his genotype.
• What could be the genotypes of the Emperor and Empress?
• Is it possible that each daughter could have been a carrier?
How?
MODIFICATION TO MENDEL'S CLASSIC RATIOS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
1. distinguish Mendelian from non-Mendelian modes of
inheritance
2. describe some cases of non-Mendelian genetic traits
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Co-dominance - When two contrasting alleles are present in
the same locus or trait (heterozygote genotype), then the
phenotype expressed is a “blend” of the two extreme
phenotypes. The two genes interact and the offspring shows
the effects of both alleles.
• Incomplete dominance - When two contrasting alleles are
present in the same locus or trait (heterozygote genotype),
then both alleles are expressed in the same phenotype
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Multiple alleles - When there are more than two types
of alleles for a given locus or trait, this will result in
more than two kinds of phenotypes that may be
expressed for that trait.
RECALL: MENDELIAN RATIOS
• LAW OF SEGREGATION
(monohybrid cross of F1
generation)
• GENOTYPIC RATIOS:
1:2:1
(homozygous dominant : heterozygous :
homozygous recessive)
• PHENOTYPIC RATIOS: 3:1
(dominant : recessive)
RECALL: MENDELIAN RATIOS
• LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT (dihybrid
cross of F1 generations
• GENOTYPIC RATIOS :
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
• PHENOTYPIC RATIOS:
9:3:3:1
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
A. BB X bb
B. Bb X Bb
2. Bantay, your 3-year old male cat with beautiful yellow
fur, is close with your crush’s female cat which has
yellow and black coat. In cats, the gene for coat color is
sex-linked: YY gives yellow coat color and yy gives black,
but the heterozygote has a peculiar combination of
yellow and black, a condition known as tortoise-shell.
Show the types of offspring expected from a cross
between Bantay and your crush’s cat (genotypes and
phenotypes). NOTE: Your cat’s love life is not always
directly proportional to yours.
In man, red-color blindness, depends on a X-
linked recessive allele. Bernadette, whose
father is color blind, but who is not herself a
“color blind” marries Phillip, a normal man.
What are the genotypes of their children?
What is the chance of red-color blindness to
appear in their children?
George, who has Type A blood, marries
Jennifer with Type B blood. Their child, Faye
has Type O blood. What are the genotypes of
these three individuals? What phenotypic
ratio, would you expect in future offspring
from this marriage?
Amparo’s Farmville is the most prominent rice
supplier in the country. They produce
different kinds of rice that fit the Filipinos’
tastes. The dominant traits produce tall and
flood resistant rice plants. What will be the
phenotypes of the following crosses?
A. AaBb X AaBb
B. AABb X Aabb
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. making use of diagrams showing the A. Proband
ancestral relationships and transmission of
genetic traits over several generation in a family B. Sex-limited trait
2. the individual in the (1) that led to the
construction of (1) C. Pedigree
3. for every trait governed by a pair of alleles, D. Sex-influenced trait
these alleles segregate or separate during
gamete formation in meiosis E. Codominance
4. any trait in a diploid organism whose F. Incomplete dominance
expression is affected by an individual's
biological sex; a trait that occurs at a higher G. Law of Segregation
frequency in one sex over the other
5. The heterozygote genotype is expressed as a
H. Law of Independent
distinct phenotype (a “blend” of the two Assortment
extreme phenotypes).
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
A man with Type A blood marries a woman with Type B blood. Their
child has Type O blood. What are the genotypes of these three
individuals? What genotypes, and in what percentage, would you
expect in future offspring from this marriage?
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA, RNA,
and PROTEINS
DIAGNOSTIC QUIZ
1. What are the building blocks of DNA?
2. What are the different parts of #1? (Clue: There are three parts)
3. What does DNA stand for?
4. What does RNA stand for?
5. What is the function of DNA?
6. What is the function of RNA?
7. What is a protein?
8. Give four levels of protein synthesis.
9. What is the function of proteins?
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
1. describe the building blocks of DNA, RNA and proteins;
2. identify the structural and functional differences between DNA
and RNA;
3. explain the different levels of protein structure; and
4. explain how protein structural features may influence their
functions
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEOSIDES
NITROGENOUS BASES
• Contain carbon and
nitrogen
• “bases” – contain an
amino group that can
bind to an extra
hydrogen
• Can be classified as
purines or pyrimidines
• Adenine and Guanine
• Two carbon-nitrogen
rings
• Cytosine, thymine and uracil
• Single carbon – nitrogen ring
DEOXYRIBOSE VS. RIBOSE
SPECIFIC BASE PAIRING
CHARGAFF’S RULE
COMPUTATION OF DIFFERENT BASE
PAIRS
1 TURN OF THE MAJOR GROOVE
= 10 base pairs
10 bp= 34 Angstroms
1 Angstrom = 1 nm
PROBLEM SOLVING
A. G x T/ A = C
B. pyrimidines/purines = 1
C. A+T/G+C = 1
D. None of the above
3. A DNA fragment produced 315 amino
acids then encountered a stop codon.
How long (in nucleotides) is the mRNA?
Initiation
Sigma factor
DNA TRANSCRIPTION
RNA polymerase
Elongation
D. INITIATION FACTOR 3
E. RHO FACTOR
F. DNA POLYMERASE I b. TRANSCRIPTION 2. ELONGATION
G. RELEASE FACTOR 3
H. ELONGATION FACTOR Tu
I. GYRASE c. TRANSLATION 3. TERMINATION
J. ELONGATION FACTOR G
GENETIC ENGINEERING
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
1. compare classical breeding with modern genetic engineering
techniques;
2. enumerate the steps in molecular cloning;
3. describe methods to introduce DNA into cells; and
4. explain the selection and screening of transformants/ geneticall
modified organisms (GMOs)
CLASSICAL BREEDING
CLASSICAL BREEDING
• Classical breeding practices focus on the mating of
organisms with desirable qualities.
DNA RECOMBINATION
I. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs)
II. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would
propagate the recombinant
DNA ( eg. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest)
III. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from animal)
with the vector ( cut
bacterial plasmid)
DNA RECOMBINATION
Electroporation.