Component And Circuit

Analysis

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS

 Power Supply Circuits
 In every electronics circuit you will always encounter a
DC power source such as 3V,4.5V,6V,7.5V,9V,12V,
etc. you cannot operate a particular electronic device
or circuit without this.
 A low voltage power supply converts AC input to DC
output voltage. This low voltage power supply needs
rectifier to convert AC to pulsating DC and filter to
smoothen pulsating DC to pure DC output voltage. A
transformer is used to step down the AC voltage.

McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Power Supply
 A power supply is an electronic device that
supplies electric energy to an electronic load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert one
form of electrical energy to another and, as a result,
power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric
power converters. Some power supplies are discrete,
stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into
larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the
latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.
 Power Supply Characteristics
 The input is the 220 volt 60 Hz AC power line.
 The power supply converts the AC into DC and
provides one or more DC output voltages.
 Some modern electronic circuits need two or more
different voltages.
 Common voltages are 48, 24, 15, 12, 9, 5, 3.3, 2.5,
1.8, 1.5,1.2 and 1 volts.
 A good example of a modern power supply is the one
inside a PC that furnishes 12, 5, 3.3 and1.2 volts.
 Categories of Power Supply
 Linear regulated power supply
 Regulates the output voltage by dropping excess
voltage in a series dissipative component. They use a
moderately complex regulator circuit to achieve very low
load and line regulation. Linear regulated power
supplies also have very little ripple and very little output
noise.
 Categories of Power Supply
 Switched mode power supply (SMPS)
An electronic power supply that incorporates a switching
regulator to convert electrical power efficiently
In some cases one may use a combination of switched
mode and linear power supplies to gain some desired
advantages of both the types.
 Power Supply Line Filter
 Power Supply line filter:
 A line filter is the kind of electronic filter that is placed
between an electronic equipment and a line external to it, to
attenuate conducted radio frequencies -- RFI, also known as
electromagnetic interference (EMI) -- between the line and
the equipment.
 In particular, an AC Line Filter is used between the AC power
line and the equipment.
Block Diagram of a DC Power
Supply
 Elements of a Power Supply

 Transformer- use to step up and step down AC

voltage Level

 Rectifier circuit- converts AC to pulsating DC but the

DC output is varying

 Filter- smooth’s the DC from varying greatly to a small

ripple

 Regulator – eliminates ripple by setting DC output to

a fixed voltage
 TRANSFORMER

 A transformer is commonly used to step the input AC

voltage level down or up. Most electronic circuits
operate from voltages lower than the AC line voltage
so the transformer normally steps the voltage down by
its turn’s ratio to a desired lower level.

 Transformers work only with AC & this is one of the

reasons why mains electricity is AC.
 Where:
 VP - is the Primary Voltage
 VS - is the Secondary Voltage
 NP - is the Number of Primary Windings
 NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings
 Parts of a Transformer
 The input coil is called the primary & the output coil is
called the secondary

 There is no electrical connection between the two

coils, instead they are linked by the alternating
magnetic field created in the soft iron core of the
transformer

 The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol

represent the core.
 Types of Transformers
 Step up Transformer - Step-up transformers increase
voltage

 Step down Transformer - step-down transformers

reduce voltage
 Transformer Windings

 Center Tap Transformer

 Transformer Windings

 Single Winding Secondary

 Transformer Windings

 Multiple Secondary (multi-tapped)

 Transformer Windings

 Multiwinding Secondary
 Self Check
1. A transformer Converts ___ to ____ output voltage.
2. What type of transformer is used to increase the
output voltage of the secondary.
3. What is the main function of a transformer in an
electronic power supply unit.
4. This type of transformer is used to reduced the 220V
into smaller voltage.
5.-6. What are the name of the two windings of a
transformer.
7.- 10. Give the different type of transformer according
to windings.
 RECTIFIER

 A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process
is known as rectification

 Rectification is described as the changing of an alternating

current (AC) to a unidirectional or direct current (DC). The
normal PN junction diode is well suited for this purpose as it
conducts very heavily when forward-biased (low resistance
direction) and only slightly when reverse-biased (high
resistance direction)
 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
 Half Wave Rectifier

 The process of removing one-half the input signal to

 establish a dc level is called half-wave rectification.
 In Half wave rectification, the rectifier conducts
 current during positive half cycle of input ac signal only.
 Negative half cycle is suppressed.

 It is a simple type of rectifier made with single diode which

is connected in series with load. For small power levels
this type of rectifier circuit is commonly used.
Half Wave Rectifier
 Half wave Rectifier Operation
 During the positive half of the AC input, diode becomes forward biased and
currents starts flowing through it. During the negative half of the AC input,
diode becomes reverse biased and current stops flowing through it. Output
waveform across the load is shown in figure. Because of high ripple content
in the output, this type of rectifier is seldom used with pure resistive load.
 Disadvantages of Half Wave Rectifier

 The pulsating current in output contains ac

components whose frequency is equal to supply
frequency so filtering is needed.

 The ac supply delivers power during half cycle only

so output is low.
 Fullwave Rectifier
 In Full wave rectification current flow through the
load in same direction for both half cycle of input ac.

 This can be achieved with two diodes working

alternatively.

 For one half cycle one diode supplies current to load

and for next half cycle another diode works
 Center Tap Full Wave Rectifier

 This type of rectifier uses two diodes and a transformer with center
tapped secondary winding. During the positive half cycle of the input AC
diode D1 is forward biased and the current starts flowing to the load through
it. During the negative half of the input diode D2 forward biased and D1
becomes reverse biased. Load current start flowing through D2 during this
negative peak. Note that the current flow through load has not changed
even when the voltage polarity changed
 Advantage of Center Tap Full Wave Rectifier

 Advantages of this rectifier are lower ripple factor and

higher efficiency, but the necessity of transformer with
center tapping secondary is the main disadvantage
and makes a circuit as costlier.
 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
 Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full
wave rectifier circuit above, is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This
type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes
connected in a closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired
output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require
a special center tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost.
The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode
bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.
 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
 The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series
pairs” with only two diodes conducting current during each
half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes
D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are
reverse biased and the current flows through the load as
shown below.
 FWB Operation
 The Positive Half Cycle

 During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and

D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as
they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the
load is the same direction as before
 FWB Operation
 The Negative Half Cycle

 As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so

the voltage developed across the load is also unidirectional
the same as for the previous two diode full-wave rectifier,
therefore the average DC voltage across the load is
0.637Vmax.
 Self Check
1. Rectifier circuit converts AC to _________ DC
2. ________ rectifier allows current to flow through the
load for only one-half of each cycle.
3. ________ rectifier allows bidirectional current to the
load during one cycle.
4. The full-wave center tapped circuit uses _____ diode
and a center tapped transformer
5. _______ rectifier uses four diodes.
1. Draw the following:
a.) fullwave center tapped rectifier circuit
b.) halfwave rectifier circuit
c.) fullwave bridge rectifier circuit
Ripple
 FILTER CIRCUIT
 In power supplies, capacitors are used to smooth (filter) the pulsating DC
output after rectification so that a nearly constant DC voltage is supplied
to the load. The pulsating output of the rectifiers has an average DC value
and an AC portion that is called ripple voltage. Filter capacitors reduce
the amount of ripple voltage to a level that is acceptable. It should be
noted that resistors and inductors can be combined with the capacitors to
form filter networks. Here we will concentrate on capacitive filters only. In
a filter circuit the capacitor is charged to the peak of the rectified input
voltage during the positive portion of the input. When the input goes
negative, the capacitor begins to discharge into the load. The rate of
discharge is determined by the RC time constant formed by the capacitor
and the load's resistance.

 a circuit used to reduce the fluctuation in the rectified output voltage or ripple. This
provides a steadier dc voltage
 Power Supply Filter Circuit
 The choke input filter uses an inductor in series with the load resistor. The
inductor opposes changes in current to provide smoother output for the
load. The capacitor input filter will keep the output voltage at a higher
level compared to a choke input. The choke input will provide a steadier
current under changing load conditions. From this, it can be seen that a
capacitor input filter would be used where voltage is the prime factor and
the choke input filter is used where a steady flow of current is required.
 Capacitor Input Filter
 the output of the rectifier, without filtering, is shown in Figure 7B, and the output, after filtering, is shown in Figure 7C.
Without the capacitor, the output across RL will be pulses as previously described. The average value of these pulses
would be the EDC output of the rectifier. With the addition of the capacitor, the majority of the pulse changes are bypassed
through the capacitor and around RL. As the first pulse appears across the capacitor, changing it from negative to positive,
bottom to top, the peak voltage is developed across the capacitor. When the first half-cycle has reached its peak and starts
its negative going pulse, the capacitor will start to discharge through RL maintaining the current through RL in its original
direction, thereby holding the voltage across RL at a higher value than its unfiltered load. Before the capacitor can fully
discharge, the positive pulse of the next half cycle is nearing its peak, recharging the capacitor. As the pulse again starts to
go negative, the capacitor starts to discharge once again. The positive going pulse of the next half cycle comes in and
recharges the capacitor; this action continues as long as the circuit is in operation. The charge path for the capacitor is
through the transformer secondary and the conducting diodes, and the discharge path is through the load resistor. The
reactance of the capacitor, at the line frequency, is small compared to RL, which allows the changes to bypass RL and,
effectively, only pure DC appears across RL.
 Choke or Inductor input Filter
 The series inductor of Figure 8 will oppose rapid changes in current. The output voltage of this filter is
less than that of the capacitor input filter since the choke is in series with the output impedance. The
parallel combination of RL and C in connection with L smoothes out the peaks of the pulses and results in
a steady, although reduced, output. The inductance "chokes" off the peaks of the alternating components
of the rectified waveform and the DC voltage is the average, or DC value, of the rectified wave. The
choke input filter allows a continuous flow of current from the rectifier diodes rather than the pulsating
current flow as seen in the capacitor input filter. The XL of the choke reduces the ripple voltage by
opposing any change in current caused by the positive and negative pulses of the rectifier output voltage.
This keeps a steady current flowing to the load throughout the entire cycle. The pulsating voltage
developed across the capacitor is maintained at a relatively constant value approaching the average
value of input voltage because of this steady current flow.
 Multiple Section Choke Input
Filter
 While Figure 9 shows two choke input sections being used as a multiple section
filter, more sections may be added as desired. While the multiple section filter
does reduce the ripple content, and they are found in applications where only a
minimum ripple content can be tolerated in the output voltage, they also result in
reduced regulation. The additional sections add more resistance in series with the
power supply, which results in increased voltage variations in the output when the
load current varies.
 Pi Filter
 The resistor, R, is known as a bleeder resistor and is found in practically all power supplies. The purpose of this resistor is
two-fold: when the equipment has been working and is then turned off, it provides a discharge path for the capacitor,
preventing a possible shock to maintenance personnel; it also provides a fixed load, no matter what equipment is
connected to the power supply. The Pi filter is basically a capacitor input filter with the addition of an L section filter. The
majority of the filtering action takes place across C1, which charges through the conducting diode(s) and discharges
through R, L, and C2. As in the simple capacitor input filter, the charge time is very fast compared to the discharge time.
The inductor smoothes out the peaks of the current pulses felt across C2, thereby providing additional filtering action. The
voltage across C2, since C2 is in parallel with the output, is the output voltage of the power supply. Although the voltage
output is lower in this filter than it would be if taken across C1 and the load, the amount of ripple is greatly reduced. Even
though C1 will charge to the peak voltage of the input when the diodes are conducting, and discharge through R when they
are cut off, the inductor is also in the discharge path and opposes any changes in load current. The voltage dividing action
of L and C2 is responsible for the lower output voltage in the Pi filter when compared to the voltage available across C1. As
shown in Figure 10 the charge path for both C1 and C2 is through the transformer secondary, and, in the case of C2,
through L. Both charge paths are through the conducting diode. However, the discharge path for C1 is through R and L
while the discharge path for C2 is through R only.
 RC Capacitor Input Filter
 The main difference in operation between this Pi filter and the one previously discussed is
the reaction of an inductor to AC when compared to the resistor. In the former filter the
combination of the reactance of L and C2 to AC provides better filtering, giving a relatively
smooth DC output. In Figure 11, both the AC and DC components of the rectified current
pass through R1. The output voltage is reduced due to the voltage drop across R1 and the
higher the current, the greater this voltage drop. This filter is effective in high voltage, low
current applications. As in choke input filters, the capacitor input filters shown may be
multiplied; i.e., identical sections may be added in series. The choice of a filter for a
particular use is a design problem, but the purpose and operation of filters should be
understood by all, because of their importance to the proper operation of equipment
following the power supply.
 REGULATOR
• The regulator is a circuit that helps maintain a fixed or constant
output voltage.
• Changes in the load or the AC line voltage will cause the output
voltage to vary.
The Regulator
 Regulator
 Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

The regulated DC output is very smooth with

no ripple.
It is suitable for all electronic circuits
Linear Power Supplies
Regulator
 Types of Voltage Regulators

Zener Diode Regulator

Transistor Regulator

IC Regulator
Zener Diode Regulator
Voltage Regulation
Line Regulation
Load Regulation
Types of Regulator
Switching Regulation
IC Voltage Regulators
IC Voltage Regulators
Fixed Voltage Regulators
Fixed Voltage Regulators
Fixed Voltage Regulators

Output Voltage
(V)
+5
Fixed Voltage Regulators
Fixed Voltage Regulators
Ajustable Voltage Regulators
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
 Self Check
1. The 7812 regulator provides
a.) 5v
b.)-5v
c.) -12v
d.) 12v
2. In which period is the capacitor filter discharged in a
full-wave rectifier?

a.) The time during the positive cycle

b.) The time during which the diode are not conducting
c.) The time during which the diode are conducting
d.) The time during the negative cycle
3. What is the range of the voltage level of the LM317
adjusted voltage regulator?

a.) 0v to 5v
b.) 1.2v to 37v
c.) -5v to -24v
d.) 5v to 24v
4. Switching regulator efficiencies can be greater than
________ percent.

a.) 60
b.) 70
c.) 80
d.) 90
5. In which period is the capacitor filter charged in a full-
wave rectifier?

a.) The time during the positive cycle

b.) The time during which the diode are not conducting
c.) The time during which the diode are conducting
d.) The time during the negative cycle
6. ________ regulation can be defined as the
percentage change in the output voltage for a given
change in load current.

a.) Line
b.) Load
7. How many terminals does a 7800 series IC regulator
have?

a.) 2
b.) 3
c.) 4
d.) none of the above
8. Voltage regulation requires ___________

a.) only line regulation

b.) only load regulation
c.) a constant load
d.) load and line regulation
9. ________ regulation can be defined as the
percentage change in the output voltage for a given
change in the input voltage.

a.) Line
b.) Load
10. In which of the following applications is a pulsating
dc voltage suitable?

a.) battery charger

b.) radio
c.) stereo system
d.) computer
 Answer Key
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. A
 QUESTIONS?

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