It dwelled on the belief of Psychological

Determinism on human behavior –

doctrine that thoughts, emotions and
actions have causes.
Argued that not all psychological events
are caused, but most of them are caused
by unsatisfied drives and unconscious
wishes.
He compared human mind to an Iceberg
 Conscious (small portion surfacing the water)

– our current awareness and preconscious –

all information that is currently on our mind but
that we could bring into consciousness is
called upon to do so.
 Unconscious – (larger mass below the water)

– a storehouse of impulses, wishes, and

inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts
and behavior.
Influenced by the principle of energy
conservation, that energy may be
changed into different forms but it cannot
be created or destroyed.
Thus, human psychic energy, called
libido, if forbidden or suppressed will not
be eliminated but will rather seek outlet
somewhere else in the system.
Forbidden impulses leads to anxiety. To
reduce anxiety or prevent anxiety is
through adopting Defense Mechanisms
to avoid punishment by the society and by
its internal representative.
Divides personality into three major
systems that interact to govern human
behavior
Id
 Operates the pleasure principle – immediate
gratification of impulses to obtain pleasure and
avoid pain
 Consist of biological impulses and drives (eat,
drink, eliminate wastes, avoid pain and gain
sexual pleasure
Ego
 Operates the reality principle – gratification
of impulses are delayed until the situation is
appropriate
 Executive of the personality – decides which
id will be satisfied and in what manner
 Mediates the demand of id, realities of the
world, and the demand of superego
Superego
 Internalized representation of values and
morals of society
 Judges whether actions are right or wrong
 Comprises the individual’s conscience and
image of morally ideal person
 Develops in response to parental rewards and
punishment
• Three components are often in conflict – ego
postpone gratification, id want immediately,
and superego battles with both id and ego
because behavior often falls short of the
moral code
In iceberg model, all of the id and most of
the ego and superego are submerged in
the unconscious. Small part of the ego
and superego are in either conscious or
preconscious
Psychosexual Stages of Development
 Oral Stage – derive pleasure from nursing and
sucking, and that they put anything that can reach
into their mouth
 Anal Stage – finds pleasure fro withholding and
expelling feces. May into conflict with parents –
imposing control on having a toilet training.
 Phallic Stage (at around 3-6 yrs. Old) – derive
pleasure from fondling their genitals. Observes
differences between male and female, and begin
to direct their awakened sexual impulses toward
the parent of opposite sex. (Oedipal Conflict)
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Latency Period (at around 7-12 yrs. Old) –
sexually quiescent time, becomes less
concerned with their bodies and turn their
attention to the skills needed for coping with
their environment
Genital Stage – the on-set of puberty, where
the individual becomes sexually mature and
functioning.
Problem in each stage could fixate
development and have effect on the
personality.
 Oral Personality (fixated at oral stage & fond
of eating, drinking and smoking)
 Anal Personality (fixated at anal stage &
abnormally concerned with cleanliness, and
seems resistant to a authority)