Forces in Fluids

Chapter 13
 SmartStarter
Have you ever had your ears “pop”?
 Where were you? Doing what?
 Why does this happen?
 What is pressure?
The result of a force acting over a
given area.

Pressure = Force/Area
What Units?
 N/m2
 1 N/m2 is known as a pascal (Pa)

SI unit: pascal - Pa
 Standard units: psi
 (pounds per square inch)

Practice PRESSURE Math Problems

Blaise Pascal
1623-1662
French physicist and
mathematician
Performed some of the
first experiments
dealing with
pressure
 Example Problem
Calculate the pressure produced by a force of 800 N
acting on an area of 2.0 m2.

Pressure is defined as force per unit area or P = F / A

P = (800 N) / (2.0 m2 )
P = 400 N / m2 = 400 Pa
 1. Read & Understand
Practice Problem 2. Plan and Solve
3. Check Answer

If the area of a box touching the ground is 1.5 square meters,

and its weight is 2700 newtons, what pressure does the box
exert on the ground?
 Fluid pressure
FLUIDS ARE LIQUIDS AND GASES
Fluids: a substance that attains the shape
of its container.
 Examples: both liquids & gases.

Fluid pressure changes with depth in a

column of water and with altitude.
 Fluid pressure in water does not depend
on the volume or weight only the depth
 Pressure at a specific depth is equal in all
directions and constant
 Air Pressure
Air pressure at sea level is
approx. 101 kPa. (1 atm)
Air pressure will decrease
with increases in altitude.
 Examples:
 flying in a plane
 driving in the mountains

Kikkan Randall Wins Her

1st Medal In Cross-
Country — A Gold —
After 18 Tries (2/21/18)
 Pascal’s Principle

A change in pressure
at any point in a fluid
is transmitted
equally and
unchanged in all
directions throughout
the fluid
 Cartesian Diver
Instructions

Tips for Success

• Don't be scared about pushing hard on the sides of the bottle – they can take a lot of
force. It may be easier to rest the bottle on a flat surface and then use both hands to
push the sides.
• If your diver keeps floating then you need to release more air, making sure to test it
in the tub of water to be sure that it doesn't immediately sink
• – you'll find it easier to get it out of the tub than out of the bottle if it does sink!
 hydraulics
Uses Pascal’s principle and moving
pistons with an enclosed pressurized
fluid:
Examples:
 Car brakes, jacks, and loaders

EXTRA-CREDIT PROJECT – 20 pts. (See notes)

More explanation
 EXAMPLE Problem:
If a force of 30 N is placed on a small
piston of a hydraulic device with an
area of 2 cm2, what size of a load can
the larger piston lift if the area of the
larger piston is 80 cm2?

F1/A1 = F2/A2
 Practice Problem:
The small and large pistons of a hydraulic press
have areas of 2 cm2 and 4 cm2 . If the load on
the large piston in 3200 N, what is the input
force (effort) that must be applied on the small
piston?

F1/A1 = F2/A2
 SmartStarter
3. Predicting On which planet would a
balloon filled with a given quantity of
helium have the smallest volume? Explain
WHY.
REMINDER
• These are “bells” or “warm-ups”
• Write them in the first section of your
binder
• Date/Question on the left & Answer on
the right
• THESE WILL BE TURNED IN AT
QUARTER FOR A GRADE
Answer: The helium-filled
balloon would have the
smallest volume on Venus
because Venus has the
greatest atmospheric
pressure.
Attendance & Good
Things!
 DUE TODAY
Cartesian Diver Handout.  turn it into the basket.

Questions on # 6?

 Ideal Gas Law  Boyle’s Law when nRT is constant

 P1V1=P2V2 – P1 is low so V1 is high

  when you squeeze it: P2 is high and so V2 is low…

The pressure in the bottle is increased, therefore the volume of air trapped inside the
Cartesian diver decreases. As the volume of air decreases, water is taken up into the
Cartesian diver which increases the density of the Cartesian diver so it sinks.
Take out your guided notes…

Today  Bernoulli’s Principle

 Bernoulli’s Principle  Self
Demo.
Try this simple experiment:
Hold a sheet of paper by its top corners.
Position the paper directly in front of your
mouth.
Blow over the top surface of the paper.
The far end of the paper lifts upward.

• The motionless air below the paper exerts a greater

pressure.
• The difference in pressure forces the paper upward.
• fluids move from high to low pressure
 Bernoulli’s principle
As the speed of a fluid increase, the pressure decreases

Swiss scientist
1700-1782
Explained the basis
behind airplane
flight.

ALL ABOUT the Bernoulli's – Sci. Show (4.5 min.)

Airplane forces: How do Airplanes fly? –
(3 minutes)
Why is wing shaped the
way it is? 3 min.
Other applications of
Bernoulli’s principle:

Ping Pong
& Hair Dry
er
2, 3, 3.5 ,4

Spoilers

DEMO: funnel and pong ball

MIT Explains – 8 Mins
 buoyancy
The ability of a fluid to exert an upward
force on an object resulting in an
APPARENT loss of weight of the
object
Archimedes
Greek mathematician
287-212 B.C.
Best known for his
theory…
Archimedes’ Principle:
 that the buoyant force on
an object is equal to the
weight of the fluid
displaced

Fluids, Buoyancy, and Archimed

' Principle
Buoyant Force Weight

What is the effect of buoyancy on the

apparent weight of an object?
Buoyant force

Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert an

upward force on an object placed in it.

Buoyancy results in the apparent loss of

weight of an object in a fluid.
 THINK – PAIR - SHARE
Which is sinking? Floating? Suspended?
 Describe why using the word “density”

Weight
Weight
Weight

Buoyant force

Buoyant force
Buoyant force
 Application of buoyancy
Ballast tanks in submarines: Video 2 Min
FLOATING

SUSPENDED

Sink or Float
SINKING
 Instructions
Cartesian Diver

Did You Know?

Sperm whales regularly dive to depths of at least 1000m where
the water pressure is on the order of 100 atmospheres. In the
process, the rib cage will fold and collapse and the lungs will
compress down to one per cent of their size at the surface.
The associated change in buoyancy is essential to keep the
animal at such a great depth.
 “submarine” fish
swim bladder = ballast tanks
 SmartStarter
Which is sinking? Floating? Suspended?
 Describe why using the word “density”

Weight
Weight
Weight

Buoyant force

Buoyant force
Buoyant force
 SmartStarter
What is this? & What is it for?

??????????????
 SmartStarter
3. Predicting On which planet would a balloon filled with a
given quantity of helium have the smallest volume?

Answer: The helium-filled balloon

would have the smallest volume on
Venus because Venus has the
greatest atmospheric pressure.
 SmartStarter
3. Predicting What classes are you most excited to take next
year!
List at least 3 classes in order interest. (greatest to least)
 SmartStarter
Rank the following measurements in order of
increasing pressure:
4 kPa,
16 N/m2,
311 N/m2,
0.3 Pa
 SmartStarter
Which exerts greater pressure on the floor—
standing flat-footed or standing on tiptoes?
Explain Why with a formula and some words
or something equally intelligent.
SmartStarter –explain.
A 10,000-N ship is floating in the Great
Salt Lake, whose salty water is denser
than pure water. What is the buoyant force
acting on the ship?
a. 1000 N
b. 8000 N
c. 10,000 N
ANS: C
d. 12,000 N
 SmartStarter
Assessment Questions
–explain.
2. How much fluid is displaced by
an object that is floating, partially
submerged, in a fluid?
a. a volume of fluid equal to the ANS: B
volume of the object
b. a volume of fluid equal to the
volume of the submerged part of
the object
c. a mass of fluid equal to the mass of
the object
d. a mass of fluid equal to the mass of
the submerged part of the object
 Assignment:

Pages 407-408
 1-10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 26, 27

 Page 409
 1-6
 Labs / Activities
Fluids, Buoyancy, and Archimedes'
Principle (4.5 min.)

Cartesian Diver -more DEMOS

Mini-Submarine Lab Pascal
Bernoulli -- other
Archimedes