BDA10403

ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

Dr Norfazillah Talib
JKPI, FKMP
 https://
www.openlearning.com/courses/electrical-and-
electronics-technology-bda14303-

FB group:
https://bit.ly/2QAyatO
Basic Concepts
1.1 Unit and basic definition
1.2 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law
1.3 Voltage, Current
1.4 Power and energy –Kilo watt hour
1.5 Active and passive element
 1.1 Unit and basic definition
• The international system of units, abbreviated SI
• SI fundamental units,
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Amount of substance Mole mol
• Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived
from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit.
• The most important electrical quantities;

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL

Current I Ampere A
Charge Q Coulomb C
Energy W Joule J
Power P Watt W
Resistance R Ohm 
Voltage V Volt V
 SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING NOTATION
• Represented very large and very small numbers
• Scientific notation uses powers of ten.
• Engineering notation uses the power of-ten exponent must be
a multiple of three.
 47, 000, 000 = 4.7 (Scientific Notation)
Example 1
 = 47 (Engineering Notation)

0.000 027 =   2.7 (Scientific Notation)

Example 2
 = 27 (Engineering Notation)

Example 3 0.605 =   6.05 (Scientific Notation)

 = 605 (Engineering Notation)
ENGINEERING METRIC PREFIXES
METRIC SYMBOL POWER OF METRIC SYMBOL POWER OF
PREFIX TEN VALUE PREFIX TEN VALUE
Peta
Peta P
P mili
mili m
m
LARGE

Tera TT micro µ

SMALL
Tera micro µ
Giga G nano n
Giga G nano n
Mega M piko p
Mega M piko p
kilo k femto f
kilo k femto f

 50,000 V =
50 = 50 kV
Example
0.000036 A = 36 36 µA
METRIC UNIT CONVERSIONS
• When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move
the decimal point to the right. Remember, a smaller unit
means the number must be larger.

  0.47 MW = 0.47 = 470 = 470 kW

Example

• When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move

the decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger unit means
the number must be smaller.

Example   10,000 pF = 10, 000 = 0.01 = 0.01 mF

METRIC ARITHMETIC
• When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix,
convert them to the same prefix first.
Example 10,000 W + 22 kW = 10,000 W + 22,000 W
= 32,000 W
OR
10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW
• When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix,
convert them to the same prefix first.
Example 200 mA + 1.0 mA = 200 mA + 1,000 mA
= 1, 200 mA
OR
= 0.200 mA + 1.0 mA
= 1.2 mA
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Most work in electronics involves measurements, which always
have error. Report only digits that are reasonably assumed to be
accurate.
The rules for determining if a reported digit is significant are;
1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number
are significant.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number
may or may not be significant depending on the measurement.
 Example Looking at the rule, decide how many significant
figures in each of the examples, which are given with
a rule:
1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant. 152.71
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never
0.0938
significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant. 10.05
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal 5.100
number are significant.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole
5100.
number may or may not be significant depending
on the measurement. As shown there are at least 2, but uncertain.
 Selected Key Terms

Engineering A system for representing any number as a one-,

notation two-, or three-digit number times a power of ten
with an exponent that is a multiple of three.

Exponent The number to which a base is raised.

Metric prefix A symbol that is used to replace the power of

ten in numbers expressed in scientific or
engineering notation.

Scientific A system for representing any number as a

notation number between 1 and 10 times a power of
ten.
 EXERCISES
1. The electrical unit that is fundamental is 2. In scientific notation, the number 0.000
the : 56 is written
a. volt a. 5.6 x 104
b. ohm b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. coulomb c. 56 x 10-5
d. ampere d. 560 x 10-6

3. In engineering notation, the number 4. The metric prefix nano means

0.000 56 is written
a. 10-3
a. 5.6 x 104
b. 10-6
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 10-9
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 10-12
d. 560 x 10-6
 EXERCISES
5. The metric prefix pico means 6. The number 2700 MW can be written
a. 10-3 a. 2.7 TW
b. 10-6 b. 2.7 GW
c. 10-9 c. 2.7 kW
d. 10-12 d. 2.7 mW

7. The value 68 kW is equal to 8. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is

a. 6.8 x 104 W a. 331.5 mW
b. 68, 000 W b. 3.35 W
c. 0.068 MW c. 1.533 W
d. All of the above d. 1.83 W
 EXERCISES
9. The quantity 200 mV is the same as 10. Add 0.05 MW and 75 kW and express the
a. 0.000 200 V result in kW.
b. 20 mV
c. 0.2 V
d. all of the above

Answers:
1. d 6. b
2. b 7. d
3. d 8. d
4. c 9. a
5. d 10.125kW
 1.2 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of
that element.
• The Bohr atom is a tool for visualizing atomic structure
•The nucleus is positively charged
and has the protons and neutrons.
•Electrons are negatively
charged and in discrete shells.
•The atomic number is the
number of protons and
determines the particular
element.
•In the neutral atom, the
number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons.
Electron Proton Neutron
• Electrons with the highest energy
levels exist in the outermost shell of
an atom and are relatively loosely
bound to the atom.
• The outer shell is known as the
valence shell, and electrons in this
+ Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3
shell are called valence electrons.
• These valence electrons contribute
to chemical reactions and bonding
within the structure of a material,
and they determine the material’s
electrical properties.
Electron
 Three categories of materials are used in electronics:
• Conductors (metals): Current flow easily ( column 1-3), have large
number of free electrons
• Semiconductor: little current can flow (column 4) such Si and Ge,
have fewer free electrons
• Insulator: No current flow (column 5-7), no free electrons in their
structure
Electrical charge
• Electrical charge (Q) is an electrical property of matter
that exists because of an excess (positive charge) or
deficiency (negative charge) of electrons.
• There is a force (F) between charges. This force, called an
electric field. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.

Coulomb’s law
 A force (F) exists between two point-source charges (, ) that is directly
proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance (d) between the charges.
 1.3 Voltage, Current
Voltage (V) is the energy (W) per charge (Q); it is responsible for
establishing current.
 
= + -
+ -
Energy (work) is done as a charge is
moved in the electric field from one
+ -
potential to another. + - e
Voltage is the work per charge done + -
against the electric field.
+ -
One volt is the potential difference + -
(voltage) between two points when one
joule of energy is used to move one + -
coulomb of charge from one point to the + -
other.
• A voltage source provides
electrical energy or
electromotive force (emf)
• Voltage sources can be either
direct current (DC) or
This is a Cu-Zn battery. The chemical reaction occurs
alternating current (AC) when there is an external path for the electrons.
Ammeter

• Types of DC Voltage e–
e– –
A
+ e–

e–
Sources Salt bridge

 Battery Zn
Zinc
(anode)
Zn2++ 2e
–
Copper
(cathode)
–
Cu 2+ + 2e Cu
 Fuel Cells
 Solar Cells ZnSO4 Zn
2+
2-
Cu
2+

SO4
 DC Generator solution 2+
Zn
CuSO4
solution
• Batteries do not store charge – they store chemical
energy that can be converted to current when an external
path is provided to allow the chemical reaction to
proceed.
• Rather than saying “charging” a battery, it is more accurate
to say “reversing the chemical reaction” in a battery.

Battery
• A fuel cell is a device that
converts chemical energy into dc
voltage directly by combining a
fuel (usually hydrogen) with an
oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).
The hydrogen and oxygen react
to form water.
• The process differs from batteries
in that the reactants constantly
flow into the cell where they
combine and produce electricity.
CURRENT
• Voltage provides energy to electrons, allowing them to move
through a circuit. The movement of these free electrons from the
negative end of the material to the positive end is the electrical
current
Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that flows past a point
in a unit of time (t).
  One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1
= C move through a given cross section in 1 s.

EXERCISE
What is the current if 2 C
passes a point in 5 s?
0.4 A
RESISTANCE
• Resistance (R) is a measure of the opposition to
current flow in an electrical circuit.
One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a
material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
• Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance and the unit is ohm
 
=
• Components designed to have a
specific amount of resistance are
called resistors
 Resistor Color Codes

  R= 100  5%

EXERCISES
Find the resistance value in ohms and
the percent tolerance for each of the
color-coded resistors

a)
  R= 27,000  10%

b)
  R= 100  10%
c)
  R= 5,600,000  5%
• Variable Resistors are designed so that their resistance
values can be changed easily
• Variable resistors include the potentiometer (used to
divide voltage) and rheostat (used to control current ).
• The potentiometer is a three-terminal device. Terminals
1 and 2 have a fixed resistance between them, which is
the total resistance. Terminal 3 is connected to a moving
contact (wiper).
• A potentiometer can be connected as a rheostat.

3
1 2
Shaft

Wiper
Resistive
element
 THE BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
A basic circuit consists of 1) a voltage source, 2) a
path and 3) a load.
• The battery is the voltage source, the lamp is the load on the
battery because it draws current from the battery, and the two
wires provide the current path from the positive terminal of the
battery to the lamp and back to the negative terminal of the
battery
• Close circuit: circuit in which the current has a • Open circuit: circuit when the current path is
complete path. broken

• Wires are form of conductive material used in electrical applications.  =

The size of a wire is also specified in terms of its cross-sectional area
(A), with the unit used is the circular mil (CM). d= diameter
BASIC CIRCUIT MEASUREMENTS
• A DMM (digital multimeter) is the most widely used
type of electronic measuring instrument that can
measure voltage, current, and resistance.

DMM Functions
◆ Ohms
◆ DC voltage and current
◆ AC voltage and current
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
You need to recognize safety hazards and know what to do in an
emergency. Read and review all of the precautions given in the
text. Some key ones are:
•Electrical
Shock - know the location of emergency shutoff.
Know and follow safety rules in the lab.
•Electrical safety
Use Class-C extinguisher for electrical fires. Be
aware of burn hazards with jewelry.
•Work area
A safe area is neat. The area should be inspected
regularly for hazards.
 Selected Key Terms
Ampere The unit of electrical current

(American Wire Gauge) A standardization based on wire diameter

AWG

Charge An electrical property of matter that exists because of an excess or

a deficiency of electrons. Charge can be either + or -.

Circuit An interconnection of electronic components designed to

produce a desired result. A basic circuit consists of a source, a
load, and an interconnecting path.
 Selected Key Terms
Conductance The ability of a circuit to allow current. The unit is the siemans (S).

Coulomb The unit of electrical charge.

Current The rate of flow of electrical charge.

Electron A basic particle of electrical charge in matter. The electron

possesses a negative charge.

Ground The common or reference point in a circuit.

Ohm (W) The unit of resistance.

 Selected Key Terms
Potentiometer A three-terminal variable resistor.

Resistance The opposition to current. The unit is the ohm (W).

Rheostat A two-terminal variable resistor.

Siemens The unit of conductance

Volt The unit of voltage or electromotive force.

Voltage The amount of energy per charge available to move electrons

from one point to another in an electric circuit.
 EXERCISES
1. The atomic number is the number of 2. Valence electrons are
a. protons in the nucleus a. in the outer shell
b. neutrons in the nucleus b. involved in chemical reactions
c. protons plus neutrons in the c. relatively loosely bound
nucleus
d. all of the above
d. electrons in the outer shell

3. The atomic particle responsible for

4. The symbol for charge is
electrical current in solid metallic
conductors is the a. C
a. proton b. W
b. electron c. Q
c. neutron d. W
d. all of the above
5. The definition for voltage is 6. A battery stores
a. Q
V a. electrons
t
W b. protons
b. V
t c. ions
W d. chemical energy
c. V
Q
d. V  It

7. The unit of conductance is the 8. A four-color resistor with the color bands
gray-red-black-gold is
a. ohm
a. 73 W
b. coulomb
b. 82 W
c. siemen
c. 680 W
d. ampere
d. 820 W
9. A 330 kW ± 5% resistor has the color bands 10. The circular mil is a unit of
a. red-red-brown-gold a. length
b. orange-orange-yellow-gold b. area
c. yellow-yellow-red-gold c. volume
d. yellow-yellow-green-gold d. resistance

Answers:
1. a 6. d
2. d 7. c
3. b 8. b
4. c 9. b
5. c 10. b
 1.4 Power and energy –Kilo watt hour
• Energy, W, is the ability to do work and is measured in joules. One joule is the
work done when a force of one newton is applied through a distance of one meter.
• Power, P is the rate energy is “used” (actually converted to heat or another form).
Power is measured in watts (or kilowatts). Notice that rate always involves time.

  One watt (W) = one joule/second

=
P : power in watts (W),
W : energy in joules (J),
t : time in seconds (s) /hours (h)
• Three equations for power in circuits that are collectively known as Watt’s law
are:   𝑽𝟐
  𝑷=𝑰𝑽   𝑷=𝑰 𝑹 𝟐 𝑷=
𝑹
What is the energy used in operating a 1200 W heater for
EXERCISES 20 minutes?
1200 W = 1.2 kW
20 min = 1/3 h
1.2 kW X 1/3 h =0.4 kWh
 EXERCISES
1. What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor and the current is 0.135 A?
P  I 2R
 (0.135 A) 2  27  
 0.49 W

2. What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A of current from a 120 V

supply?
P  IV
  12 A   120 V 
 1440 W
3. What power is dissipated in a 100 W resistor with 5 V across it?
V2
P Small resistors operating in low voltage
R
systems need to be sized for the anticipated
 5 V
2

  0.25 W power.
100 
 RESISTOR POWER RATINGS
• A resistor gives off heat when there is current through it.
• The power rating is the maximum amount of power that a resistor can dissipate without
being damaged by excessive heat build up.
• Resistor failures are unusual except when they have been subjected to excessive heat.
Look for discoloration (sometimes the color bands appear burned). Test with an DMM or
an analog multimeter by disconnecting one end from the circuit to isolate it and verify
the resistance. Correct the cause of the heating problem (larger resistor?, wrong value?).
• The power rating of a resistor is directly related to its surface area. Surface area of a
cylindrically shaped resistor is equal to the length (l) times the circumference (c).
• When a resistor is used in a circuit, its power rating must be greater than the maximum
power that it will have to handle.
• Metal-film resistors are available in standard power ratings; 1⁄8 W, 1⁄4 W, 1⁄2 W, or 1 W.

Normal Overheated
Ampere-hour rating of batteries
• Expected battery life of batteries is given as the ampere-hours
specification. Various factors affect this, so it is an
approximation. (Factors include rate of current withdrawal,
age of battery, temperature, etc.)

EXERCISE

How many hours can you expect to have a

battery deliver 0.5 A if it is rated at 10 Ah?
Battery
20 h
Power Supply Efficiency
Efficiency of a power supply is a measure of how well it converts
ac to dc. For all power supplies, some of the input power is
wasted in the form of heat. Power lost

 
=
Input
Output
power
power

EXERCISE

What is the efficiency of a power supply that converts

20 W of input power to 17 W of output power?
85%
 Selected Key Terms
Ampere-hour rating A number determined by multiplying the current (A) times
the length of time (h) that a battery can deliver that current
to a load.
Efficiency The ratio of output power to input power of a circuit, usually
expressed as a percent.

Energy The ability to do work.

Joule The SI unit of energy.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) A large unit of energy used mainly by utility companies.

Power The rate of energy useage

Watt The SI unit of power.

 EXERCISES
1. A unit of power is the 2. The SI unit of energy is the
a. joule a. volt
b. kilowatt-hour b. joule
c. both of the above c. watt
d. none of the above d. kilowatt-hour

3. The smallest power rating you

4. The power dissipated by a light operating on
should use for a resistor that is 330 12 V that has 3 A of current is
W with 12 V across it is
a. 4 W
a. ¼ W
b. 12 W
b. ½ W c. 36 W
c. 1 W d. 48 W
d. 2 W
 6. The circuit with the largest power dissipation is
5. The power rating of a resistor is determined
mainly by a. (a)
a. surface area b. (b)
b. length c. (c)
c. body color d. (d)
d. applied voltage 7. The circuit with the smallest power dissipation is
a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)

+10 V R +15 V R +20 V R +25 V R

100 W 200 W 300 W 400 W

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 8. A battery rated for 20 Ah can supply 2 A for a minimum of
a. 0.1 h
b. 2 h
c. 10 h
d. 40 h

Answers:
9. The efficiency of a power supply is determined by 1. d
5. a
2. b
6. d
a. Dividing the output power by the input power.
3. b
7. a
b. Dividing the output voltage by the input voltage.
4. c
8. c
c. Dividing the input power by the output power.
9. a
d. Dividing the input voltage by the output voltage.
 1.5 Active and passive element
Passive element: a device that absorbs electrical
energy; Resistor, capacitor, Inductor, motor, light bulb,
heating element
Active element
• a device capable of generating electrical energy
 Voltage source
 Current source
 Power source
• Batteries
• Generators
• a device that needs to be powered (biased)
 Transistor
 Diode
 Integrated circuit
Comparison between active and passive element
 Passive Components
•Capacitors Foil
Mica
•Resistors
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil Color bands
Mica Resistance material
Foil (carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

•Inductors

•Transformers
Active Components
Active Components
•Transistors

•Integrated Circuits