Auxiliary Verbs

 Sarah Azzahra (18320208)

 Hanifah Fikriyah (18320227)
 Modal Auxiliaries
a modal verb changes the other verb meaning to something different
from simple fact. Modal may express permission, ability, prediction,
possibility, or necessity.
the principal modal verbs are : can, could, may, might, must, ought,
shall, should, will, and would.
a. Lack of secondary inflectional forms
b. No distinct 3rd singular agreement form in the present tense
c. Bare infinitival complement
 Dually-Classified Verbs
 Do : Dummy do is an auxiliary, but in other uses do is a lexical verb.
example :
Without dummy do
• Does she her best?
With dummy do
• Does she do her best?
 Have : Have is always an auxiliary when it marks perfect tense.
example :
Auxiliary usage
• Have you bought a new laptop?
Lexical verb usage
• Do you have bought a new laptop?
 Need : auxiliary need has only present tense forms.
example :
Auxiliary usage
• He needs to enjoy the sunset.
Lexical verb usage
• He doesn’t need to enjoy the sunset.
 Dare : auxiliary dare has the same usage like auxiliary need
example :
Auxiliary usage
• I daren’t tell anyone.
Lexical verb usage
• I didn’t dare to tell anyone.
 The general concept of auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verb Category marked example

have Perfect tense Peter has bought a new car.

Be Progresive aspect Peter is buying a new car.

(is/am/are)

Can, may, must, will, shall mood Peter will buy a new car.
Etc.

Be Passive voice A new car was bought by

(was/were) Peter.
 Mood and modality

Mood is grammatical category associated with the cemantic dimention of modality. Mood are
categories of grammatical form, and modality are the associated categories of meaning.
Example:
Non modal Modal
She saw him. she must have seen him.
He leaves today. He must leave today.
Modality can be expressed by a great variety of formal means.
Example:
1. Could also be expressed by means of an adverb (perhaps she saw him).
2. An adjective (it’s possible that she saw him).
3. A noun (there’s a possibility that she saw him).
but for english at least the term mood is restricted to grammatical system associated with the
verb.
 Uses of modal auxiliaries
There are three main families of meaning that the modal auxiliaries express:
Epistemic, Deontic, Dynamic.
1. Epistemic modality expresses meaning relating primarily to what is necessary
(must, be bound to, have to) or possible (may, might, could) given what we
know or believe.
Example:
She may be sick.
He must have overslept.
2. Deontic the meanings have to do with obligation (must, shall, have to, have
got to, gotta) or permission (can, may) of various kinds.
Examole:
He must apologize
May I come in?
3. Dynamic: some of the modals have uses concerned with
properties or dispositions of persons or other entities involved in the
situation.
Example:
She can speak five languages.
I’ve asked him to help us but he won’t.
I daren’t tell you anymore.
 REALISATIONS OF MODAL MEANINGS
1. Modal certainty : will, must, be bound to
Will and must are the core modals that most strongly express modal certainty.
Example:
The concert will be over now.
The concert must be over.
2. Volition: willingness and intention will, shall
Willingness
Willingness is expressed in speech time, while the action predicted by the main verb or refers to a future event. Unwillingness is
expressed by will not, more usually contracted to won’t.
Example:
will you give a donation to the wildlife society?
yes, i will. Or i’m sorry, i won’t.
Interrogative shall is used in the 1st person to consult the addressees whises or to ask for device.
Example:
shall i carry those bags for you?
shall we go home now?
intention
When a speaker expresses an intention, the intention naturally coincides with speech time, but the intended action is in the future.
Example:
We will pick you up outside your house at 9.
I shall/ I will be back in a minute.
3. Logical necessity: must, be bound to (BrE), have to (AmE)
Logical necessity, meaning it is necessarily the case that the assertion is true. Must in general is far more
frequent in BrE than in AmE, but the logical meaning of Must in AmE is more common than in obligation
meaning. For both meaning AmE prefers to lexical verb have to.
Example:
The key must be in your pocket. (BrE and AmE)
The key has to be in your pocket. (AmE and with younger speakers of BrE)
The key is bount to be in your pocket. (BrE)
4. Probability or reasonable inference: should, ought
A more flexibel degree of prediction is expressed by should and the less common ought.
Example:
it should be easy to reach New York from here. (it is probably easy)
we should have enough money.
5. possibility: may, might, could
Epistemic possibility of an event occurring or being true.
Example:
this may be a dinosaur’s footprint.
this might be a dinosaur’s footprint.
this could be a dinosaur’s footprint.
 MODAL OBLIGATION
1. Inescapable obligation and necessity: must, have to, have got to, gotta, shall
Deontic obligation and necessity can be throught of as an inescapable duty or requirement.
Must as a modal of obligation
Example: you must try harder.
we must do better than this.
shall, have to, have got to, gotta as modals of obligation
Of all modals of obligation, Shall is the most imperious, direct, and subjective. Of the lexical modals, have
to is objective (the obligation is external) and have got to subjective (the obligation is internal). Both
have to and got to have a past form had (got) to. Only have to can combine with modal auxiliaries
(may have got to/may have to).
Example: i may have to go Washington for a few days. (obligation external)
i may have got to go to Washington for a few days. (obligation internal)
2. Non binding obligation: should, ought
Should and ought express a less strong obligation, which is not binding and may be unfulfilled.
Example: people should drive more carefully.
you really ought to cut down on smoking.
3. Negation of the modal must and may

1. Obligation and permission

Positive Negative Meaning

you must go home now You needn’t go now = you are not obliged to go

You must go now You don’t have to go now = you are not obliged to go
You must not go = you are obliged not to go

You may go now You may not/can’t go = you have not permission to
You may/can not go go
= you have permission not to
go
3. Negation of the modal must and may

2. Necessity and possibility

Positive Negative Meaning

It must be true It can’t be true = it is not possible that is it

true

It must be true It needn’t be true = it is not necessarily true

It doesn’t have to be true = it’s not necessarily true

It may be true It can’t be true = it is not possible that it is

It may not be true true
=it is possible thet is it not
true