STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS,

COLUMNS AND BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS

INCORPORATED WITH GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE

PROJECT GUIDE
Tmt. M. Sasi Rekha M.E., MISTE,
Assistant professor,
PRESENTED BY,
Department of Civil Engineering,
M.DHIVAKAR,
GCE – Tirunelveli.
950818413001,
M.E – Structural Engineering,
GCE – Tirunelveli.
 ABSTRACT:
Geopolymer concrete is fast emerging as a viable alternative to conventional
Portland cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete can lead to consumption of large
quantity of fly ash and GGBS which, apart from safe disposal of fly ash and
GGBS would also lead to reduced carbon footprint of the concrete. In this study,
the compressive strength of an geopolymer concrete is to be fixed by designing the
trial mixes. The ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide was fixed as 2.5 and
also constant the ratio of alkaline solution to binder content as 0.35 are to be used.
This project deals about the flexural behavior of geopolymer beams under four
point bending test, ultimate load carrying capacity of geopolymer columns under
concentric loading and cyclic behavior of the beam-column joints. The molarities
of sodium hydroxide varied from 4M to 12M at an interval of 2M. For this work,
five numbers of beam of size 150mm X 250mm X 2000mm, five numbers of
column of size 200mm X 200mm X 750mm and five number of beam-column
joints are to be used. In beam-column joint, the beam portion of size 150mm X
250mm X 800mm and column portion of size 200mm X 200mm X 750mm are to
be used.
 OBJECTIVES:

The major objectives of the present research work are

envisaged below:
• To develop geopolymer concrete mixes with low concentration
of sodium hydroxide mixed with sodium silicate in ambient
curing
• To study the behaviour of reinforced geopolymer concrete
beams in flexure under four point bending
• To study the behaviour of reinforced geopolymer concrete
columns in concentric loading
• To investigate the performance of reinforced geopolymer
concrete beam-column joints under cyclic loading.
METHODOLOGY:

Literature Review

Material Collection

Material Testing

Mix Design

Casting of Specimens

Test and Results

Conclusion
LITERATURE REVIEW
S. TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TEST RESULT
No (YEAR)
1. COMPARATIVE Megharima Done to research the Half The plain and fiber fortified
STUDY OF Datta, Geopolymer concrete cyclic geopolymer solid beam column joints
GEOPOLYMER Premkumar G with the utilization of loading are possibly superior when compared
CONCRETE steel fiber and compare test with conventional solid joints. The
WITH STEEL it with conventional utilization of geo polymer concrete
FIBERS IN BEAM concrete with steel with steel fibers upgraded the quality
COLUMN JOINT fibers. and flexibility of the beam column
(April - 2018) joint specimens significantly.

2. Experimental study Albitar M., The application of Concent It is shown that fly ash/GLSS based
on fly ash and lead Mohammad geopolymer concrete at ric and geopolymer concrete structural
smelter slag-based Ali M.S., a member level through eccentric members exhibit similar structural
geopolymer Visitin P. an experimental loading response to that of OPC concrete.
concrete columns investigation on the
(March - 2017) behavior of fly
ash/GLSS based GPC
columns under loading.

3. Behavior of Deepa Raj S., An experimental Reverse It indicated that the use of fibers could
geopolymer and Ganesan N., investigation was carried cyclic enhance the strength and ductility of
conventional Ruby out on the strength and loading beam columns marginally. Energy
concrete beam Abraham, behavior of plain and absorption capacity of GBJ is 39%
column joints Anumol Raju FRGPC beam column higher than that CCJ. The ductility of
under reverse joints and the results GBJ is 1.47 times higher than that of
cyclic loading were compared with CCJ. The rate of degradation of
(December - 2016) plain and FR stiffness is less so GBJ has sufficient
conventional beam capacity to resist reverse cyclic
column joints loading.
S. TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TEST RESULT
No (YEAR)
4. THE EFFECT Amir Presents the flexural Four point The behavior of heat-cured low-
OF FLY ASH Mohammad response of reinforced bending calcium fly-ash-based geopolymer
ON FLEXURAL Amiri, geopolymer concrete test concrete is good agreement in the
CAPACITY OF Amin Olfati,, beam. FE simulation using ABAQUS.
CONCRETE Shima Najjar,
BEAMS (June - Peyman
2016) Beiranvand,
Naseri Fard
M.H.

5. Behavior of Maranan G.B., The behavior of Concentric The GFRP bars contributed an
concentrically Manao A.C., concentrically loaded load test average of 7.6% to the overall
loaded Benmorane B., geopolymer-concrete capacity of the tested columns.
geopolymer- Karunasena circular columns Irrespective of the tie configuration,
concrete circular W., Mendis P. reinforced longitudinay the columns with higher volumetric
columns and transversely with ratios showed better compressive
reinforced glass-fiber-reinforced- behavior than those with lower
longitudinally polymer (GFRP) bars was volumetric ratios. The ductility and
and transversely investigated. confinement efficiency of the spiral-
with GFRP bars confined columns were higher than
(March – 2016) that of their counterpart hoop-
confined columns. The tested
columns yielded relatively superior
compression performance compared
to OPC based concrete columns
reinforced with GFRP bars and ties.
S. TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPT TEST RESULT
No (YEAR) -ION
6. Theoretical and Khoa Tan Evaluation of Four The modulus of elasticity of GPC is affected
experimental study Nguyen, the mechanical point by its macrostructure based on speciation
on mechanical Namshik Ahn, properties of bending caused by the alkali silicate activating solution.
properties and Tuan Anh Le, heat-cured low- test. Its differ from OPC, for which Young’s
flexural strength of Kihak Lee. calcium fly-ash modulus depends on the properties of the
fly ash-GPC GPC and the aggregate. The Poisson’s ratio of fly-ash based
(December- 2015) behavior of GPC with compressive strength in the range of
GPC beams are 45-58 MPa, is from 0.16 to 0.21.
carried
7. Evaluation of the Maranan The flexural Four Increasing the reinforcement ratio would
flexural strength G.B., strength and point enhance the serviceability performance of the
and serviceability Manao A.C., serviceability static GFRP-reinforced GPC beams. The bending-
of geopolymer Benmokrane performance of bending moment capacity of GFRP-reinforced GPC
beams reinforced B., the GPC beams test. beams seems to be higher than that of GFRP-
with GFRP bars Karunasena reinforced with reinforced concrete beams mainly because of
(August - 2015) W., Mendis P. GFRP bars were the enhanced mechanical properties of the
evaluated. GPC compared to the conventional concrete.
8. Effect of GGBS on Pradip Nath, Aimed to Slump Increase of GGBFS in the fly ash based GPC
setting, workability Prabir Kumar achieve fly ash test, reduces the workability and setting time. The
and early strength Sarker. based Compres workability and setting time increased when
properties of fly geopolymers sive alkaline liquid content was increased, with
ash geopolymer suitable for strength reduced compressive strength. The mixtures
concrete cured in curing without test, having 10% slag, 40% alkaline activator and
ambient condition elevated heat. setting SS/SH ratio 1.5-2.5 with no extra water can be
(May - 2014) time considered as the optimum mixture for
test. reasonable compressive strength in ambient
curing condition with a setting time
comparable to that of OPC concrete.
S. TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TEST RESULT
No (YEAR)
9. The behavior of Tian Sing Ng, An investigation of the Four point The test results show that the shear
steel-fibre- Ali Amin, shear behavior of steel- loading strength increases significantly as
reinforced Stephen J. fibre-reinforced the fibre content increases and that
geopolymer Foster. geopolymer concrete beam improvement in the cracking
concrete beams is presented. behavior is achieved through the
in shear addition of fibres.
(February –
2013 )
10. Structural Joseph Robert The structural testing of Four point Test results show that AAFC beams
behavior of Yost, steel reinforced AAFAC monotonic have very similar behavior to
alkali activated Alessandra beams is explored. bending companion OPCC beams. The
fly ash concrete. Radlinska, concrete strain at compression
Part 2: structural Stephen Ernst, failure in under reinforced AAFC
testing and Michael beams was measurably higher than
experimental Salera, companion under reinforced OPC
findings Nicholas J. beams. AAFC flexural members
(November - Martignetti can be analyzed and designed
2012) using the same procedures as
established for OPC concrete
beams.
11. Load carrying Giuseppe Comparison between the Axial load RC strengthened columns with
capacity of RC Campione analytical expressions for test, angles and strips, if adequately
compressed the prediction of the load Lateral designed, achieve very high load
columns carrying capacity of load test. carrying capacity increments.
strengthened strengthened reinforced
with steel angles concrete columns with
and strips (March steel angles and strips is
- 2012) made.
S. TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TEST RESULT
No (YEAR)
12. Experimental and Jun Yu, An experimental program Cyclic load Compared with conventional yielding strength,
numerical Kang-Hai Tan was conducted for test both compressive arch action and catenary
investigation on investigating progressive action can significantly enhance the structural
progressive collapse collapse resistance of resistance.
resistance of reinforced concrete beam-
reinforced concrete column sub-assemblages
beam column sub- under a middle column
assemblages removal scenario.
(August - 2011)

13. Behavior of beam- Valeria A recycled-aggregate Cyclic It can be noted that, when recycled aggregate
column joints made Corinaldesi, concrete was prepared by loading instead of fine gravel is used at 30% by volume,
of recycled- Vivina Leteier, replacing 30% virgin with test. almost the same mechanical performances can
aggregate concrete Giacomo recycled concrete aggregate be achieved. The joint made of RAC showed
under cyclic loading Moriconi. coming from an industrial adequate structural behavior. It should be kept
(November - 2010) crushing plant in which in mind that, however, RAC joint must be
concrete from building properly designed in order to achieve safe
demolition is suitably structural performance by suitably considering
treated. the actual RAC shear strength and stiffness.

14. BEHAVIOR OF Riad Benzaid, The presented paper deals Monotonic External confinement with polymer composite
SQUARE Nasr-Eddine with the analysis of uni-axial can enhance the structural performance of
CONCRETE Chikh, Habib experimental results in load test concrete columns under axial loading. Bonding
COLUMN Mesbah. terms of load-carrying hoop FRP to the column surface enhances axial
CONFINED WITH capacity and strains, load capacity and ductility of columns and
GFRP obtained from tests on resist lateral deformations due to the axial
COMPOSITE square prismatic concrete loading and delaying rupture of the concrete
WARP (October - columns, strengthened with and thereby enhancing both the ultimate
2010) external GF composites. compressive strength and ultimate compressive
strain of the concrete.
S. TITLE (YEAR) AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TEST RESULT
No
15. Geopolymer Concrete Lloyd N.A., Presented about a Geopolymer concrete has excellent
with Fly Ash (June Rangan B.V. summary of the properties and is well-suited to
-2010) extensive studies manufacture precast concrete products
conducted on fly ash- - that are needed in rehabilitation and
based geopolymer retrofitting of structures after a disaster.
concrete and to
proposed a simple
method for the design of
geopolymer concrete
mixtures.

16. PERFORMANCE OF Bindhu K.R., Compare the behavior of Reverse Specimens failed due to the development
EXTERIOR BEAM- Sukumar P.M., exterior beam-column cyclic of tensile cracks at the interface between
COLUMN JOINTS Jaya K.P. joint sub-assemblages loading beam and column, and this has ensured
UNDER SEISMIC with transverse test that the strong-column weak-beam
TYPE LOADING reinforcements detailed conditions were satisfied. The specimens
(June 2009) as per IS 456 and IS having special confining reinforcement as
13920. per IS 13920 had an improved energy
absorption capacity than the specimens
with lateral reinforcement detailing as per
IS 456 and SP 34.

17. STEEL FIBER Ganesan N., It describes the Positive Test results indicate that the provision of
REINFORCED HIGH Indira P.V., experimental results of cyclic SFRHPC in beam-column joints enhances
PERFORMANCE Ruby steel fiber reinforced loading. the strength, ductility and stiffness, and is
CONCRETE BEAM- Abraham. high performance one of the possible alternative solutions
COLUMN JOINTS concrete exterior beam- for reducing the congestion of transverse
SUBJECTED TO column joints under reinforcement in beam-column joints.
CYCLIC LOADING cyclic loading. Load carrying capacity also increased
(December - 2007) with increasing fiber content.
S. TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TEST RESULT
No (YEAR)
18. Design of FRP- Yung-Chih The paper proposed a Axial The results from the tests confirm
wrapped Wang, Hsu K. design method and an load test. that FRP jackets provide excellent
reinforced experimental confinement in rectangular and
concrete columns programme to evaluate square reinforced concrete columns,
for enhancing the axial load strength of increasing both ultimate strength
axial load rectangular and square and strain. FRP jackets are
carrying capacity reinforced compression remarkably effective in precluding
(April 2007) members confined with premature buckling of the
GFRP jackets and steel longitudinal reinforcing bars in the
hoops. columns.

19. Behavior of Sumajouw M.J. It presents the results of Equal The column load capacity increased
Geopolymer Dody, Djwantoro an experimental study load as the load eccentricity decreased.
Concrete Hardjito, Steenie on the behavior and eccentrici The column capacity also increased
Columns Under Wallah Vijaya strength of geopolymer -ty. with an increase in the longitudinal
Equal Load Rangan B. concrete slender column reinforcement ratio and an increase
Eccentricities under equal load in the concrete compressive
(June 2005) eccentricities. strength.

20. Lateral load Jamal Shannag Beam-column joints Cyclic The steel fiber concrete specimens
response of high M., Nabeela were constructed and lateral exhibited three times higher load
performance Abu-Dyya, tested under cyclic load test. levels, 20 times larger energy
fiber reinforced Ghazi Abu- lateral loading to dissipation, and two times slower
concrete beam- Farsakh. determine the effect of stiffness degradation compared to
column joints using high performance the reference concrete specimens.
(January - 2005) concrete in place of
conventional concrete in
the joint region.
 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW:

• It is shown that fly ash based geopolymer concrete structural members

exhibit similar structural response to that of OPC concrete.
• Energy absorption capacity of GBJ is 39% higher than that CCJ.
• The ductility of GBJ is 1.47 times higher than that of CCJ.
• The rate of degradation of stiffness is less so GBJ has sufficient capacity to
resist reverse cyclic loading.
• Irrespective of the tie configuration, the columns with higher volumetric
ratios showed better compressive behavior than those with lower
volumetric ratios.
• The ductility and confinement efficiency of the spiral-confined columns
were higher than that of their counterpart hoop-confined columns.
 CONT…
• The modulus of elasticity of GPC is affected by its macrostructure based on
speciation caused by the alkali silicate activating solution. Its differ from
OPC, for which Young’s modulus depends on the properties of the aggregate.
• The Poisson’s ratio of fly-ash based GPC with compressive strength in the
range of 45-58 MPa, is from 0.16 to 0.21.
• Increase of GGBFS in the fly ash based GPC reduces the workability and
setting time.
• The workability and setting time increased when alkaline liquid content was
increased, with reduced compressive strength.
• The mixtures having 10% slag, 40% alkaline activator and SS/SH ratio 1.5-
2.5 with no extra water can be considered as the optimum mixture for
reasonable compressive strength in ambient curing condition with a setting
time comparable to that of OPC concrete.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:
 PROPERTIES OF FLY-ASH:

S.NO SPECIFICATION RESULTS

1. Type Class F

2. Specific Gravity 2.14

3. Source Tuticorin thermal

power plant
 PROPERTIES OF GGBS:

S.NO SPECIFICATION RESULTS

1. Specific Gravity 2.85

97.10
2. Particle size – 45 micron
(cumulative %)
 SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST OF FINE
AGGREGATE:
The amount of sample taken = 1000g
S.N IS Weight Percentage Cumulative Percentage Zones
o Sieve Retained of weight % of weight Retained As per IS:383-1970
Size (kg) retained Retained (%)
(%) (%) I II III IV

1 4.75mm 0 0 0 100 90-100

2 2.36mm 0 0 0 100 75-100
3 1.18mm 0.218 21.8 21.8 78.2 55-90
4 600µ 0.28 28 49.8 50.2 35-59
5 300µ 0.332 33.2 83 17 08-30
6 150µ 0.128 12.8 95.8 4.2 00-10
7 75µ 0.004 0.4 96.2 3.8 -
8 Pan 0.038 3.8 100 0 -
 PROPERTIES OF FINE
AGGREGATES:

S No. Description Result

1 Specific gravity 2.72
2 Fineness modulus 2.5
3 Water Absorption 0.6%

Uncompacted Bulk Density 1687.74 kg/m3

4
Compacted Bulk Density 1827.67 kg/m3

5 Grading zone Zone II

 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR 12.5mm AGGREGATES:
Weight of sample taken = 5 kg

S.No IS Sieve Weight Percentage of Cumulative Percentage

Size Retained weight retained % of weight Retained
(kg) (%) Retained (%) (%)

1 20mm 0 0 0 100
2 16mm 0.127 2.54 2.54 97.46
3 12.5mm 1.355 27.10 29.64 70.36
4 10mm 1.945 38.90 68.54 31.46
5 2.36mm 1.550 31 99.54 0.46
6 1.18mm 0 0 99.54 0.46
7 600µ 0 0 99.54 0.46
8 300µ 0 0 99.54 0.46
9 150µ 0 0 99.54 0.46
10 Pan 0.023 0.46 100 0
 PROPERTIES OF 12.5mm
AGGREGATES:

S No. Description Result

1 Specific gravity 2.96

2 Fineness modulus 6.97

3 Water Absorption 0.2%

Uncompacted Bulk Density 1479.25 kg/m3

4
Compacted Bulk Density 1663.52 kg/m3
 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR 20mm AGGREGATES:
Weight of sample taken = 5 kg

S.No IS Sieve Weight Percentage of Cumulative Percentage

Size Retained weight retained % of weight Retained
(kg) (%) Retained (%) (%)

1 40mm 0 0 0 100
2 20mm 1.953 39.06 39.06 60.94
3 10mm 3.003 60.06 99.12 0.88
4 4.75mm 0.040 0.8 99.92 0.08
5 2.36mm 0 0 99.92 0.08
6 1.18mm 0 0 99.92 0.08
7 600µ 0 0 99.92 0.08
8 300µ 0 0 99.92 0.08
9 150µ 0 0 99.92 0.08
10 Pan 0.004 0.08 100 0
 PROPERTIES OF 20mm
AGGREGATES:

S No. Description Result

1 Specific gravity 2.8

2 Fineness modulus 7.37

3 Water Absorption 0.6%

Uncompacted Bulk Density 1442.77 kg/m3

4
Compacted Bulk Density 1630.82 kg/m3
PROPERTIES OF SUPER
PLASTICIZER:
S.NO SPECIFICATION RESULTS

1. Specific Gravity 1.10

Brown
2. Color

6
3. pH

VisoCrete
4. Name

PolyCarbolic
5. Type
Ether based
 DESIGN MIX PROPORTIONING:

Binder Alkaline Solution Fine 12.5mm 20mm

(kg/m3) Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
S. Molarity Fly GGBS NaoH Na2SiO3
No (M) Ash (kg) (lit)
(kg) kg lit

1. 4 250 250 8 50 125 435.4 497.6 746.4

2. 6 250 250 12 50 125 435.4 497.6 746.4

3. 8 250 250 16 50 125 435.4 497.6 746.4

4. 10 250 250 20 50 125 435.4 497.6 746.4

5. 12 250 250 24 50 125 435.4 497.6 746.4

PREPARATION OF ALKALINE
SOLUTION:
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE CUBE
SPECIMENS:
 TRAIL MIX TEST RESULTS:
S.N Molarity SP in % Slump Days Load Strength
o (M) in mm in N/mm2
Tonnes kN

1. 4 0.5 140 7 113 1125.93 50

28 98 976.47 43.4

2. 6 1.5 120 7 108 1076.11 47.8

28 122 1215.61 54

3. 8 1.5 100 7 131 1305.29 58

28 130 1295.32 57.57

4. 10 1 30 7 134 1335.18 59.34

28 126 1255.46 55.79

5. 12 1.5 20 7 124 1235.54 54.91

28 150 1494.6 66.43

 PROPOSED WORK FOR PHASE-II:
The following works will be carried in phase- II of geopolymer concrete with molarities
4M, 6M, 8M, 10M and 12M.
 The Young’s modulus test to be conducted on fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer
concrete.
 Design and casting of beam, column and beam-column joint.

 Study the behaviour of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams in flexure under four point
bending test.
 Under the concentric loading condition the load carrying capacity of columns are to be
studied.
 Investigation on the performance of reinforced geopolymer concrete beam-column joints
under cyclic loading.
 CONCLUSION:
The samples of Geopolymer concrete by using 50% GGBS and 50% Fly ash were casted and

evaluation of fresh concrete properties as well as hardened concrete properties were studied such

as slump cone test and compressive strength test are carried out. By the keen observation of test

results the following conclusion were arrived.

 Higher the concentration (in terms of molarity) of sodium hydroxide solution results in higher

compressive strength to fly-ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete.

 The mix proportion of geopolymer concrete depends upon the fineness of fly-ash and GGBS,

grading of fine aggregate, concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution, ratio between sodium

silicate to sodium hydroxide solution and the ratio between binder (Fly-ash and GGBS) and

alkaline liquid.

 The presence of GGBS in the geopolymer concrete helps in curing the specimens at ambient

temperature.
 REFERENCES:
• Albitar M., Mohamed Ali M.S., Visintin P. (2017), ‘Experimental Study on Fly Ash and
Lead Smelter Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete Columns’, Construction and Building
Materials, pp. 104-112.
• Amir Mohammad Amiri, Amin Olfati, Shima Najjar, Peyman Beiranvand, Naseri Fard
M.H. (2016), ‘The Effect of Fly Ash on Flexural Capacity Concrete Beams’, Advances in
Science and Technology Research Journal, volume 10, pp. 89-95.
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Joints under Seismic Type Loading’, ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Vol.46, pp.
47-64.
• Deepa Raj S., Ganesan N., Ruby Abraham and Anumol Raju (2016), ‘Behavior of
Geopolymer and Conventional Concrete Beam Column Joints Under Reverse Cyclic
Loading’, Advance in Concrete Construction, Vol. 4, pp. 161-172.
• Ganesan N., Indira P.V., Ruby Abraham (2007), ‘Steel Fiber Reinforced High
Performance Concrete Beam-Column Joints Subjected to Cyclic Loading’, ISET Journal
of Earthquake Technology, Vol. 44, pp. 445-456.
• Giuseppe Campione (2012), ‘Load Carrying Capacity of RC Compressed Columns
Strengthened with Steel Angles and Strips’, Engineering Structures, pp. 457-465.
• Jamal Shannag M., Nabeela Abu-Dyya, Ghazi Abu-Farsakh (2005), ‘Lateral Load
Response of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints’,
Construction and Building Materials, pp. 500-508.
 CONT…
• Joseph Robert Yost, Aleksandra Radlinska, Stephen Ernst, Michael Salera, Nicholas J.
Martignetti (2012), ‘Structural Behavior of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Concrete. Part 2:
Structural Testing and Experimental Findings’, Materials and Structures, pp. 449-462.
• Jun Yu, Kang-Hai Tan (2011), ‘Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Progressive
Collapse Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Sub-Assemblages’,
Engineering Structures.
• Khoa Tan Nguyen, Namshik Ahn, Tuan Anh Le, Kihak Lee (2015), ‘Theoretical and
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Flexural Strength of Fly Ash-
Geopolymer Concrete’, Construction and Building Materials, pp. 65-77.
• Lloyd N.A., Rangan B.V. (2010), ‘Geopolymer Concrete with Fly Ash’, Second
International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies.
• Maranan G.B., Manalo A.C., Benmokrane B., Karunasena W., Mendis P. (2016),
‘Behavior of Concentrically Loaded Geopolymer-Concrete Circular Columns Reinforced
Longitudinally and Transversely with GFRP Bars’, Engineering Structures, pp. 422-436.
• Maranan G.B., Manao A.C., Benmokrane B., Karunasena W., Mendis P. (2015),
‘Evaluation of the Flexural Strength and Serviceability of Geopolymer Beams
Reinforced with GFRP Bars’, Engineering Structures, pp. 529-541.
• Megharima Datta, Premkumar G. (2018), ‘Comparative Study of Geopolymerconcrete
with Steel Fibers in Beam column Joint’, International Journal of Civil Engineering
Technology (IJCIET), Vol. 9, pp. 234-247.
 CONT…
• Pradip Nath, Prabir Kumar Sarker (2014), ‘Effect of GGBS on Setting,
Workability and Early Strength Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer
Concrete Cured in Ambient Condition’, Construction and Building
Materials, pp. 163-171.
• Riad Benzaid , Nasr‐Eddine Chikh, Habib Mesbah (2010), ‘Behaviour of
Square Concrete Column Confined with GFRP Composite Warp’, Journal
of Civil Engineering and Management, pp. 115-120.
• Tian Sing Ng, Ali Amin, Stephen J. Foster (2013), ‘The Behavior of Steel-
Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams in Shear’, Magazine of
Concrete Research, pp. 308-318.
• Valeria Corinaldesi, Vivina Leteier, Giacomo Moriconi (2010), ‘Behaviour
of Beam-Column Joints Made of Recycled-Aggregate Concrete under
Cyclic Loading’, Construction and Building Materials, pp. 1877-1882.
• Yung-Chih Wang, Hsu K. (2007), ‘Design of FRP-Wrapped Reinforced
Concrete Columns for Enhancing Axial Load Carrying Capacity’,
Composite Structures, pp. 132-139.
Thank You…