Why do people migrate?

Review
Pertemuan Sebelumnya
 Understanding Migration
 Type of Migration
 Migration is global
 Types of migration.
3. Forced Migration
1. Internal 2. External – eg Dafur
Eg Rural to Urban International eg
Brazil Australia
http://www.gatm.or http://www.gatm.or
g.uk/geographyatth g.uk/geographyatth
emovies/population. emovies/population.
html html Tend to be
environmental or
political ideas. If a
person can prove they
are a forced migrant
4. Voluntary Usually influenced by then they can become
Migration eg push and pull factors. a refugee and seek
Mexico to America Tend to be social or refuge legally in
economic reasons another country.
http://www.gatm.org. http://www.gatm.org.uk
uk/geographyatthemo /geographyatthemovies
vies/population.html /population.html
Review Tugas: My family migration
 Push factors Pull factors
1. High population pressure 1. Able to support population
2. Economic hardship 2. More opportunities
3. Poor quality of life 3. Higher standard of living
4. Persecution 4. Receptive society
5. Forced out – ethnic 5. Accepts refugees and asylum
cleansing seekers
6. No jobs 6. City life – bright lights
7. Starvation and disasters 7. Partner works there
8. Marriage
9. Harsh environment
Why do people migrate?

1. Economic forces
2. Political forces
3. Social forces
4. Environmental forces
1. Economic cause of migration

•  Poor  economic  conditions  

•  Overpopulation  
• Poor  climate  conditions  and/or  natural
 disasters  
Economic cause of migration
Migration in search of better economic conditions, employment, etc.
Examples:
• urbanization (moving to the cities because of poor economic conditions in rural areas);
• migration of legal and illegal immigrants to the Malaysia from Indonesia in search of employment.

Migration to escape overpopulation and its effects

Examples:
• migration to the suburbs in order to secure better living conditions—especially better school districts,
less crowded living conditions, “This city is no place to raise a child,” etc.

Migration to escape poor climate conditions such as drought, el Niño, etc.

Examples:
• Farmers who “gave up” during the midwest drought of 2010-2011;
• the Ethiopian refugee crisis during the famine in the early 1980s;
• Bangladeshis seeking work elsewhere to avoid yearly flooding caused by the destruction of so much of
the land and national infrastructure.

Migration to escape natural disasters

Examples:
• The Haiti earthquake and subsequent refugee crisis;
• Hurricanes Katrina and Rita;
2. Political cause of migration

 Punishment  for  crime  

 Enslavement  
 Political  Agreement
Political cause of migration
 Migration as punishment for crimes committed
Examples:
• When the colony of Georgia was established by the British, it was a penal
colony. After U.S. independence from Britain, the British established the new
colony at New South Wales, Australia as a replacement. The Australians are
arguably much more proud of this heritage than the Georgians.

 Migration as a result of enslavement

Example:
• Many in the U.S. (and throughout the Western Hemisphere) can trace their
roots back to the Atlantic slave trade from Africa.

 Forced migration, with or without political agreement

Examples of forced migration without political agreement include:
• The forced migration of European Jewish populations during the holocaust;
• Syrian migration to Europe
3. Social cause of migration
 Migration to spread a religion
Examples:
• Muhammad SAW migrate from Mecca to Medina
• Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam all began at a specific point in time at one specific geographic location and
spread rapidly from there—in the case of both Buddhism and Christianity, these religions are now a minority
at their geographic point of origin;
• Missionary movements, such as the Jesuits throughout the Americas to convert indigenous peoples in 16th
& 17th centuries.

 Migration to reunite with family, friends, etc. who have previously migrated
This is also called “chain” migration.

 Migration to spread a political philosophy, such as Marxism, democracy, etc.

Examples:
• Argentine Che Guevara moved to help foment revolution in Cuba and Bolivia;
• Lenin emigrated from Switzerland to Russia during World War I to galvanize the Bolshevik revolution;
• The Ayatollah Khomeini emigrated from Iraq to France in 1978, where he was able to use French mass media
to help spread his call for Islamic revolution in Iran.

 Migration to find personal freedom, to live a certain lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs, not necessarily as
the result of persecution
Examples:
• The Pilgrims—no one forced them to leave England or Holland, but they felt that emigrating to the New
World would give them more freedom;
• “Ghettoizations” such as the migration of African Americans to urban centers in the north after the Civil
4. Environmental cause of migration

 Natural  disasters:  hurricanes,  earthquakes,  etc.  

 Excessive  or  prolonged  drought  
 Climate  change
Student Activity: Debate

 Round 1: Gafatar Migration

Student Activity: Debate

 Round 2: TKI
Assignment #2: Watch “Gangs of Newyork” and answer the
following questions in ms pwpoint and send to
ca122@ums.ac.id :

1. Who are the main characters in this film? List their names and their
relationship to each other.
2. In a few sentences, summarize the plot of the film: ……
3. This film features an immigrant family. Who are the members of the family?
4. Where did the family come from?
5. Can you tell when they emigrated from their home countr y? If so, when?
6. Can you tell why they migrated? If so, what was the reason?
7. What difficulties do the older and younger generations in the film experience
in tr ying to relate to each other?
8. What issues do the younger generations in the film face?
9. What issues do the older generations in the film face? How do they resolve
their differences—or do they?
10. On the back, describe any other issues from the film you can identify that are
related to migration and cultural integration!