Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
The
father of
modern
drama
Henrik Ibsen was born in Skien (Norway) in 1828 and grew up as the oldest of
five siblings. His parents were the merchant Knud Ibsen and Marichen Ibsen.
Henrik Ibsen (1828 - 1906) is one of the very greatest names in world literature.
He was a central figure in the modern break-through in the intellectual life of
Europe, and is considered the father of modern drama. His plays are still highly
topical, and continue to be staged in all parts of the world. It is said that Ibsen is
the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after Shakespeare.
He is called "the father of modern drama" because his extremely influential
plays dealing with domestic life dealt with some of the most shocking issues of
the day - venereal disease, a wife abandoning her husband and children to
discover her own worth as a human being, suicide, etc. He also wrote a few verse
dramas, among them "Peer Gynt“
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) published his last drama, "When We Dead Awaken", in
1899, and he called it a dramatic epilogue. It was also destined to be the epilogue of his
life's work, because illness prevented him from writing more. For half of a century he
had devoted his life and his energies to the art of drama, and he had won international
acclaim as the greatest and most influential dramatist of his time. He knew that he had
gone further than anyone in putting Norway on the map
Henrik Ibsen was also a major poet, and he published a collection of poems in
1871. However, drama was the focus of his real lyrical spirit. For a period of
many hard years, he faced harsh conflict. But he finally triumphed over the
conservatism and aesthetic prejudices of the contemporary critics and
audiences. More than anyone, he gave theatrical art a new vitality by bringing
into European bourgeois drama an ethical gravity, a psychological depth, and a
social significance which the theater had lacked since the days of Shakespeare.
In this manner, Ibsen strongly contributed to giving European drama a vitality
and artistic quality comparable to the ancient Greek tragedies.
Norwegian playwright, one of "the four great ones" with Alexander Kielland,
Jonas Lie and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson of the 19th-century Norwegian literature.
Ibsen is generally acknowledged as the founder of modern prose drama. He
moved away from the Romantic style, and brought the problems and ideas of
the day onto the stage of his time. Ibsen's famous plays, Brand (1866 ) and Peer
Gynt (1867), were originally not intended for the stage; they were "reading
dramas
His plays:_ When we dead awaken , Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Little Eyolf, Peer
Gynt, A doll’s house ….
The Wild Duck
The Wild Duck is a tragedy with comic episodes. Henrik Ibsen himself
characterized the play as a tragicomedy. It depicts ordinary life realistically
instead of romantically and sentimentally, a revolutionary concept in Ibsen's
time.
Setting
The time is the early 1880s. The action takes place over three days in an
unidentified town in Norway. Act I takes place in the home of Hkon
Werle, a wealthy businessman. The rest of the play takes place in the
apartment of photographer Hjalmar Ekdal and his family.
CHARACTERS :
1. Hkon Werle.
2. Mrs. Werle
3. Gregers Werle
4. Old Ekdal
5. Hjalmar Ekdal
6. Gina Hansen Ekdal
7. Hedvig
8. Mrs. Bertha Srby
9. Doctor Relling
10. Others (Molvik, Pettersen, Jensen, Grberg, Chamberlain Balle,
Chamberlain Flor, Chamberlain Kaspersen, Porter, Two
Sweethearts, Ship Captain, Madam Eriksen, Porter's Wife).
Short Summary :
This play is about the Ekdal's family .
Hkon Werle: Wealthy businessman whose affair with a young woman in the
distant past sets in motion the action of the play.
Mrs. Werle: Late wife of Hkon Werle. The memory of her plays a role in the
rancorous relationship between Hkon and his son, Gregers Werle.
Gregers Werle: Son of Hkon Werle. Young Werle is little, mean-spirited(un
fair), and vengeful. Rather than right wrongs, he creates them. In his
pursuit(chaste) of truth and idealism, he alienates himself from his father,
precipitates turmoil in the Ekdal household, and indirectly causes the death of
Hedvig Ekdal. Although he has laid bare a shocking truth about his father
namely, his dalliance with Gina Ekdal in the distant past his vision of reality
blots out the good that his father has done to redeem himself. It also fails to
acknowledge the damage his meddlesome fact-finding could and did do to the
Ekdal family. His only motivation is to expose he truth, whatever the cost.
Ironically, he remains blind to the truth about himself to the very end of the
play.
Old Ekdal: Disgraced(shamed) former business associate of Hkon Werle.
Hjalmar Ekdal: Son of Old Ekdal. Hjalmar is self-centered, lazy, and
laughably mediocre. As a family man and provider, he relies on the
benefactions of Werle, the hard work of Gina, and the quixotic dream
of a revolutionary invention to get from one day to the next. His
character begins to reveal itself early on, in Act 1, when he is too
ashamed to acknowledge the presence of his father at the Werle dinner
party. Although he feels awkward and tongue-tied at the gathering and
keeps to himself except for his conversation with Gregers, he tells his
family after he arrives home that the guests coaxed him to recite
something but that he denied them the pleasure.
Shot and wounded the wild duck that his servant gave to the Ekdals. Hedvig
and Old Ekdal nurse the duck back to health and prize it as a pet. Hjalmar
curses the animal after he learns about his wife's past. Gregers attempts to
persuade Hedvig to shoot the duck as a way to win back the affection of her
father.
Themes
1. Realism vs. Idealism
The major theme of the play is realism vs. idealism. From the very
first act, the antagonism between the two concepts is established.
Hakon Werle, the father, is a realist about life, love, and business.
He has allowed Old Ekdal to take all the blame and go to prison for
their plan to cut down lumber from public lands. He has
encouraged Hialmar to marry Gina, Werle's mistress, so that he
can extricate himself from the relationship. He is also able to see
the worth in Ms. Sorby, his housekeeper, who is equally as realistic
and truthful about life as he is.
In contrast to his father, Gregers is a total idealist. He has romantic,
pre-conceived notions about how life, love, and business should be, and
he believes that his father has broken all the rules. He is horrified that
Hialmar, his friend, is married to Gina without knowing the truth.
Wanting him to have a more ideal marriage, Gregers decides to tell
Hialmar the truth about Gina; but Hialmar did not want to know the
truth. He is not noble enough to forgive Gina for her past and even turns
against Hedvig, convinced that she is Werle's daughter.
2. Self-Delusion(illusion):
While hunting, Hkon Werle shoots a wild duck but only wounds it. Werle's servant,
Pettersen, later gives the duck to Old Ekdal, who takes it home and, with the help of his
son and granddaughter, Hedvig, cares for it in the garret. Hedvig is especially fond of it.
The duck symbolizes Hedvig, an innocent victim of the strife in her home, as well as
others in the play would like the duck have been wounded by the circumstances of their
lives. Hkon Werle alludes to the duck when he tells his son, Gregers, "There are people
in the world who dive to the bottom the moment they get a couple of slugs in
their body, and never come to the surface again" (Act I). An observation of Hedvig
in Act III indicates that the duck also symbolizes Hedvig's parentageu0097that is,
whether she is the daughter of Hkon Werle or Hjalmar. Hedvig tells Gregers Werle:
"[T]here is so much that is strange about the wild duck. Nobody knows her,
Hjalmar: She’s the only one, yes. She’s our greatest joy in life, and …
Ekdal: Felling, eh? …….. That’s a dangerous business, that. That brings
Ekdal: She did that. Always do that, wild ducks do. Go plunging right
to the bottom … as deep as they can get, my dear sir … hold on with
their beaks to the weeds and stuff … all other mess you find down
there. Then they never come up again.
Relling: Personality? Him! If he ever showed any signs of anything as abnormal as a
personality, it was all thoroughly cleared out of him, root and branch, when he was still a lad
– that I can assure you.
Relling: While I remember, Mr. Werle junior – don’t use this fancy word ‘ideals’;
we’ve got a plain word that’s good enough: ‘lies’.
Gregers: Dr. Relling, I shall not rest until I have rescued Hjalmar Ekdal from your
clutches!
Relling: So much the worse for him. Take the life-lie away from the average man
and straight away you take away his happiness.
Gregers: Ah, if only you’d had your eyes opened to what really makes life worth
while! If you had the genuine, joyous, courageous spirit of self-sacrifice, then you
would see how quickly he would come back to you. But I still have faith in you,
Hedvig.
Symbols
The wild duck
The Wild Duck is littered with weighty and heavy-handed symbolism.
Certainly the play's chief symbol is the wild duck. The duck serves as a
"quilting point" for the characters' fantasies of themselves and those around
them. Thus Ekdal figures as the wild duck in having been betrayed and shot
down by his old partner Werle. He has sunk into his reveries never to return.
Gregers imagines Hialmar as the wild duck in his entrapment in the
"poisonous marshes" of his household, the tangle of deceit that makes his
marriage possible. In contrast, he imagines himself in the figure of the clever
dog that would rescue the wounded bird. He also considers himself the wild
duck in becoming the Ekdals' adopted tenant. Finally, Hedvig figures as the
wild duck in that she loses her family and place of origin. She is in some
sense her father's adopted child.
Hedvig's doubling with the wild duck particularly distinguishes itself from
that of the rest of the cast in that it takes the substitution of metaphor to a
lethal conclusion. This shift occurs when the two figures both become the
object of sacrifice. When Hialmar abandons Hedvig, Gregers will exhort her
to sacrifice the duck, her most precious possession, to prove her love for her
father. Hedvig will enter the garret to kill the duck but end by killing herself.
Title
The wild Duck” as a title is most apt for this play because it gives us a definite clue
to the major theme of the play – the value of illusions in the average man’s life. The
wild duck is a precise and an all-important symbol. The wild duck symbolizes the life
of Hjalmar and his father, the life of Hedvig and also Ibsen’s own life at the time he
wrote this play. Gregers too becomes a symbol by wishing to play the role of the
clever dog and to bring the wounded duck back to the surface. As all this symbolism
is the hub and the heart of the play, the title “The Wild Duck” is most suitable for it.
Mr. Werle was sailing a boat and seeing a wild duck, had shot
at, and wounded, it. The wounded duck dived down to the
bottom of the sea and tangle there to never come up again.
But Mr. Werle’s clever dog dived after the wounded duck and
brought it up again. The wounded wild duck was taken to Mr.
Werle’s house but it did not thrive there. It was passed on to
Old Ekdal where it became used to its present abode, and had
forgotten its natural, wild life.
The wild duck as a symbol appears first in Mr. Werle’s
speech with reference to the sad fate which had overtaken
Old Ekdal. He says:
“By the time Ekdal was released, he was a broken-
down man, past help from anyone. There are
people in this world who dive to the bottom the
moment they are wounded, and never come up
again.”
This speech when Old Ekdal, speaking to Gregers, describes how a wild duck
behaves when it gets wounded. If the particular wild duck had not been rescued
by dog, it would have remained at the bottom and would have died there. In Mr.
Werle’s opinion, Old Ekdal, after his release from the prison, was in no position to
lead a worth-while life because his spirit had completely been broken by his stay
in the prison.
Hedvig says on two occasions that the wild duck belongs to her